欺诈

So collusion of the supervisor and manager of the Subbranch of bank, or collusion of the insider and outsider is the main equilibrium of the game models.

正是这些制度漏洞，增加了银行内部人员的欺诈动机与欺诈机会，使得我国银行内部欺诈事件在一定程度上呈现出高收益、低成本的特点，从而导致银行上级监督管理人员与银行分支机构管理人员，或者银行内部人员与外部人员相互勾结合谋欺诈成为两个模型博弈均衡的主要表现形式。

And then the author explains and differentiates the legal meanings of fraud in three aspects, that is , fraud in system of juristic act , fraud in system of tortious act , and crime of fraud.

其次解释了欺诈在整个法律体系中的三个层面上的意义：第一是法律行为制度中的欺诈，第二是侵权行为法上的欺诈，第三是，刑事欺诈即诈骗罪。

The internal factors of the existence of insurance fraud is that the insuranced can repay expensively on less investment.Insurance fraud can be specified such conduct as misstating the insurance object,making up the Insurance reasons,exaggerating the Insurance loss or even wiffully creating Insurance accident in default of Insurance contract and the management of insurer .

投保人可以以较少的&投入&获得奇高的回报，是保险欺诈产生的内在基础；投保人、被保险人、受益人或者保险公司的工作人员利用保险合同与保险公司管理上的缺陷，通过虚拟保险标的、谎报保险事故、编造保险原因、夸大损失程度、故意制造保险事故等获得保险金，是保险欺诈的主要表现形式；对保险欺诈行为的宽恕与怂恿以及司法机关对保险欺诈行为打击不力，也是保险欺诈广泛存在、屡禁不止的社会原因。

Based on anatomizing these four types, this dissertation probes into establishing a set of investors compensation systems which consist of civil compensation system and non-litigant compensation scheme in order to protect securities investors' interests under our present circumstances and recover their loss incurred by fraud action. Perfecting measures matched with these two systems, they bring out the best in each other and supplement each other so as to effectively realize both aims. One is that providing adequate compensation for the victim investors, protecting their interests and resuming their confidence in market. The other is that availably striking and overawing the securities fraud action.

本文在对证券欺诈的四种主要表现形式深入剖析的基础上，探讨在我国现实条件下为保护证券投资者权益，构建一套以民事赔偿制度为主、非诉赔偿制度为辅的投资者赔偿体系，对欺诈行为给投资者造成的损失给予实际补偿，二者相得益彰，相辅相成，加上与其相配套措施的完善，以更有效地实现对受欺诈投资者提供足够补偿、保护其利益、树立其市场信心以及有力打击、威慑证券欺诈行为的双重目标。

This text explain letter of credit swindle reason and behavior way that produce, to domestic and international to explains and studies about letter of credit method relieved to swindle, and to of our country to relieve and go on the discussion with civil justice practice in law that letter of credit swindle at present, in the hope of strengthening to the understanding that the letter of credit swindles and adopting the correct relief means.

本文阐述了信用证欺诈产生的原因和表现方式，对国内外关于信用证欺诈救济的做法加以阐释和研究，并对我国当前在信用证欺诈的法律救济和民事审判实践方面进行了探讨，以期加强对信用证欺诈的认识并采取正确的救济手段。

Letter of Credit transaction follows two basic principles: absolute nonobjective and strict compliance principles, this two principles is the main reason for causing Letter of Credit cheating; much profits makes many speculators to do Letter of Credit cheating; and because the bank's negotiation documents have not stable forms, the banes can forge them; it increases the possibilities of Letter of Credit cheating to have many middleman as well as large usage of transferable Letter of Credit; it is one of the reasons for Letter of Credit cheating occurred that the foreign traders have lower quality and the cheated persons have lower sense of precaution.

信用证交易遵循两大基本原则：独立抽象性原则和严格相符原则，这两个原则是造成信用证欺诈的主要原因；暴利驱使大量的投机商从事信用证欺诈活动；作为银行付款凭证的单据，目前并无统一固定的格式，均可进行伪造；国际贸易中中间商的大量存在和可转让信用证的大量使用，增加了欺诈的可能性；从事国际贸易的业务人员素质低和被欺诈人防范意识差、知识缺乏也是信用证欺诈屡屡得手的原因之一。

The paper which is based on the main issues related to bill of lading fraud and in order to solve the fraud uses the method of dialectics and comparison to draw the following conclusion: bill of lading fraud cannot deny bright prospect of bill of lading system, all countries must strengthen legislation and establish a prevention and control mechanism.

本文以提单欺诈相关问题为主要线索，以解决提单欺诈为目的，运用比较的、辩证的方法，对该问题作了研究与分析并得出如下结论：提单欺诈不能否认提单制度的光明前景，必须加强反欺诈立法，建立提单欺诈防控机制。

There are many serious misleading in how to apply the principle of "fraud exception", whereas, it is necessary to make a legal research on the principle of "fraud exception" in light of former researches. The article consists of two parts. In the first part, the author put emphasis on the principle of abstract independence, the definition, the establishment and development of the principle of fraud exception, the analysis of the fraud, the theory, the prerequisite and the procedure of apply the principle of "fraud exception" in order to establish the general principle and necessary procedure. In the second part, the author analysis the existing backward conditions oflegislation and judicial practice in China, and courts" attitude to the judicial remedy for the principle of " fraud exception", further, the author puts forward some suggestions on how to make the legislation on the principle of "fraud exception" perfect, and how to apply the procedure of judicial remedy for the principle of "fraud exception". Lastly, the author hopes that these suggestions could benefit to the judicial practice and the future legislation on the principle of "fraud exception.

我国在加入世界贸易组织后，按照国际惯例和国际公约处理国际贸易中的纠纷己成为一种必然趋势，鉴于我国法院对如何准确适用信用证欺诈例外原则存在着严重误区，使得在先前学者研究的基础上再一次研究欺诈例外原则很有必要，本文分两个部分，第一部分对信用证独立抽象原则、信用证欺诈例外原则的定义、确立与发展、对例外原则下欺诈的分析、理论基础、适用条件以及程序等六方面展开论述，从而确立信用证欺诈例外原则的一般原则和必要的程序：第二部分主要分析我国司法实践中信用证欺诈例外原则司法救济的立法以及司法现状，及法院对欺诈例外原则的态度，从而对如何完善我国法院欺诈例外原则的法律依据以及如何正确适用欺诈例外原则的司法救济程序提出一些构思，希望为欺诈例外原则在我国的司法实践以及为以后的相应立法提供有益的参考。

According to the difference of connotation, the fraud tort can be divided into genuses: general fraud tort and special fraud tort.

根据欺诈侵权行为内涵的不同，欺诈侵权行为可分为一般欺诈侵权行为和特殊欺诈侵权行为。

At last, by analyzing the similarities and differences of legislation and judicature systems concerned of foreign country, the article discusses some good defense countermeasure that we should adopt by drawing lessons from the foreign country. Later it analyses providing concerned about criminal law, civil law, maritime law which are related to crime of cheat on L/C and points out the defects our legal system. Following that, it puts forward concrete proposal of legislation and judicature on proposal of legislation and judicature on improving legal system and taking strong measures against the behavior of crime of cheat on L/C. At last the article discusses the way to solve the self梥aving measures that every party should adopt and the concrete measurers that international organization uses to defense against cheat of L/C.

通过对西方国家有关信用证欺诈及其犯罪的立法、司法制度的比较分析，论述我国应该借鉴外国一些有益的防治措施，对我国的刑法、民法、海商法等涉及信用证欺诈的相关规定进行剖析，指出我国信用证欺诈方面法制的不健全之处，对完善我国信用证欺诈的法律体系与打击信用证欺诈犯罪行为提出具体的立法、司法建议；同时探讨信用证欺诈在法律冲突时的解决办法以及各方当事人应该采取的自力性救济措施和国际组织在防治信用证欺诈方面的具体措施。

However, as the name（read－only memory）implies, CD disks cannot be written onorchanged in any way.

然而，正如其名字所指出的那样，CD盘不能写，也不能用任何方式改变其内容。

Galvanizes steel pallet is mainly export which suits standard packing of European Union, the North America. galvanizes steel pallet is suitable to heavy rack. Pallet surface can design plate type, corrugated and the gap form, satisfies the different requirements.

镀锌钢托盘多用于出口，替代木托盘，免薰蒸，符合欧盟、北美各国对出口货物包装材料的法令要求；喷涂钢托盘适用于重载上货架之用，托盘表面根据需要制作成平板状、波纹状及间隔形式，满足不同的使用要求。