欧洲货币

But as money market funds, Eurodollar CDs, repurchase agreements and other instruments started to gain popularity, it became much more difficult to define money.

在消费者和企业都把钱存在储蓄账户或支票帐户中的时代，货币的概念是明确的；但随着货币市场基金、欧洲美元存单、回购协议以及其他金融工具越来越流行，定义货币的难度大为增加。

Many official international bodies have been formed through the years to facilitate trade and to solve pressing problems, for example:(1) to provide a means for discussing and addressing grievances among nations, e.g., United Nations;(2) to formulate rules and procedures for commercial and other interactions between countries, e.g., Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, United Nations Commission for Trade and Development, European Economic Community;(3) to supervise and monitor global monetary and related affairs, e.g., International Monetary Fund;(4) to assist in planning and financing development projects, e.g., International Bank for Reconstruction and Development; and (5) to offer direct aid, e.g., as offered by various regional development banks around the world.

多年以来，许多国际官方机构已经形成，它们在促进贸易和解决紧迫问题方面起到了很大的作用，例如：（1）为国家之间提供了讨论和解决怨恨的有效手段，如联合国；（2）在国家之间制定了商业和其他互动的规则和程序，例如，经济合作与发展组织、联合国贸易和发展委员会、欧洲经济共同体；（3）监督和监测全球货币及相关事务，例如，国际货币基金组织；（4）协助发展项目的规划和融资，例如，国际复兴开发银行；（5）提供直接援助，比如，由世界各地的区域发展银行提供直接援助。

July 1, National bills and coins of those countries with the Euro as currency are no legal tender.

7月1日，使用欧元作为法定货币的那些欧洲国家，本国货币不再是法定货币。

European economy and money are started alliedly, it is a on phylogeny of international money system main event, it is the another milepost in process of European economic integration.

欧洲经济与货币联盟的启动，是国际货币体系发展史上的一个重要事件，是欧洲经济一体化进程中的又一里程碑。

Less well-endowed countries are asking for help. Hungary has secured a 5 billion ($6.6 billion) lifeline from the European Central Bank and is negotiating a loan from the IMF, as is Ukraine.

资金相对少不足的国家正寻求帮助---匈牙利从欧洲中央银行获得了50亿欧元的"救命钱"，同时也向国际货币基金组织协商贷款（向国际货币基金组织寻求救援的还有乌克兰）。

SHARING a currency but not a government-the hybrid arrangement for the 15 countries that use the euro-may look less than ideal in times of turm oil .

各国之间使用统一货币，政府之间仍然各司其职。欧洲15国使用同一的货币欧元，在金融危机时代似乎不是上策。

The currency is now flirting with 91 support line, a level not seen in 13 years. The Aussie and Kiwi had a volatile day yesterday, initially rising against the dollar but eventually capitulating as demand for the currency weakened as policy makers in Australia, New Zealand lowered their benchmark rates along with the ECB, BoE and Riksbank.

昨日澳元和新西兰元经历了动荡的一天，起初二者对美元的汇率都在上涨，但最终都疲软下来，因为货币需求下滑，接着澳大利亚和新西兰货币决策者都做出了下调基准利率的决定--伴随着欧洲央行，英国央行和瑞士央行的降息行动。

The establishment Times of London stated: If that mischievous financial policy which had its origin in the North American Republic should become indurated down to a fixture, then that government will furnish its own money without cost. It will pay off its debts and be without a debt .

如果美国制定出不符合罗斯柴尔德家族利益的政策（比如：不像英国那样通过（主要向罗斯柴尔德家族等银行家）负债来发行货币），这些政策可能传成为惯例，那样的话，美国政府就能不花成本地发行货币了，它将能还清它的债务，从而不像其它欧洲国家那样向国际银行家负债了。

The establishment Times of London stated: If that mischievous financial policy which had its origin in the North American Republic should become indurated down to a fixture, then that government will furnish its own money without cost. It will pay off its debts and be without a debt .

如果美国制定出不符合罗斯柴尔德家族利益的政策（比如：不像英国那样通过（主要向罗斯柴尔德家族等银行家）负债来发行货币），这些政策可能传成为惯例，那样的话，美国**就能不花成本地发行货币了，它将能还清它的债务，从而不像其它欧洲国家那样向国际银行家负债了。

In the 19th century the banking school had greater influence in policy in the United States and Great Britain, while the currency school had more influence "on the continent", that is in non-British countries, particularly in the Latin Monetary Union and the earlier Scandinavia monetary union.

在19th世纪，银行业学派对在美利坚合众国以及大不列颠的政策有更深远的影响，而货币学院派则对欧洲大陆除了英国以外的国家的影响更深一些，特别是那些拉丁货币体系的联盟以及更早期的斯堪的纳维亚货币体系联盟。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。