次梯度

The characteristic approximation is used to handle the convection part along the direc-tion of fluid namely characteristic direction to ensure the high stability of the method in approximating the sharp fronts and reduce the numerical diffusion; The mixed finite element spatial approximation is employed to deal with diffusion part and approximate the scalar unknown and the adjoint vector function optimally and simultaneously; In order to preserve the integral conservation of the method, we introduce the modified characteristic method.

该方法对方程的对流部分沿流体流动的方向即特征方向离散以保证格式在流动的锋线前沿逼近的高稳定性，消除数值弥散现象；对方程的扩散部分采用最低次混合有限元方法离散、同时以高精度逼近未知函数及未知函数的梯度；为保证方法的整体守恒性，在格式中引入修正项。

Finally, experimental results show that MTVA algorithm has good performance and is better than Phase Gradient Autofocus algorithm.

实验结果表明此算法在处理二次相位误差时优于相位梯度自聚焦算法。

And density grads along a cross-section perpendicular bisector were used to analysis secondary flow. Abnormal mechanism of inner wall temperature distribution in a large specific region in inclined upward tubes at supercritical pressures was discussed.

并利用截面中垂线上的密度梯度定量分析二次流变化的规律，讨论超临界压力下大比热区内倾斜光管内壁温分布异常的机理。

The recent advances in the studies of phototropism are reviewed in this paper:more and more evidences support Bruinsma-Hasagawa hypothesis that tissues within the plant are affected by the Pfr gradient and express growth redistribution; Fluence-response studies of phototropism indicate that fPIPP and TDP are general types of multiple response types of phototropism; several photoreceptors involving phototropism have been characterized; four genetic loci affecting phototropism have been identified by mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana .

本文综述近年来植物向光反应研究方面的进展：（1）植物内部组织感受Pfr梯度引起生长再分布，越来越多的证据支持Bruinsma-Hasagawa假说；（2）光强-反应曲线的研究表明，向光反应存在多种反应类型，其中第一次正向光弯曲和第二次正向光弯曲最为普遍；（3）已鉴定了几种参与向光反应的光受体；（4）通过拟南芥突变体的研究确定了影响向光反应的4个基因。

Furthermore, we solve the user equilibrium problem by gradient projection method to obtain some additional path-based information. Since true OD trip demands are unknown, we conduct OD demand estimation and OD demand covering rate verification by the least square estimator.

在求解使用者均衡之交通量指派问题上，透过梯度投影法(Gradient projection， GP)求解，并获得以路径为基础的相关资讯；在流量倒推旅次起迄量的课题上，由於真实OD量未知，故使用基本的最小平方估计量，进行旅次起迄需求涵盖量的推估与检验。

In this paper, a sort of recursive formulas of spherical harmonics integrals, which often appear in the gravitational gradient harmonic analysis, are deduced according to the recursive formulas between every other order of spherical harmonics and the trigonometric functions＇properties. And the calculated formulas on the recursive initialization also are brought forward.

本文根据球谐函数的跨次递推公式和三角函数的性质，详细推导了在重力梯度调和分析中出现的一类球楷函数积分的跨次递推公式和递推初始值的计算公式。

Consequently, when applied to minimize a strictly convex quadratic function, the proposed methods terminate at the solution of the problem finitely.

因此，当目标函数是严格凸的二次函数，且采用精确线性搜索时，这些修正的共轭梯度法具有共轭性和二次终止性。

The solutions of ProblemⅠ,ⅡandⅢare discussed by using the generalized conjugate gradient method. When the equation is consistent, the solutions such as symmetric, skew-symmetric, centrosymmetric, centroskew symmetric, reflexive, antireflexive, bisymmetric or symmetric and antipersymmetric are successfully found; When the equation is inconsistent, the least-squares solutions such as symmetric, skew-symmetric, centrosymmetric, centroskew symmetric, reflexive, antireflexive, bisymmetric or symmetric and antipersymmetric are also found successfully. The generalized conjugate gradient method has the following traits:(1) It can judge automatically the information of solutions.

利用广义共轭梯度法，讨论了问题Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ解的情况：当方程相容时，研究了方程的一般解、对称解、中心对称解、自反矩阵解、双对称解、对称次反对称解及其最佳逼近等问题；当方程不相容时，研究了方程的最小二乘一般解、最小二乘对称解、最小二乘中心对称解、最小二乘自反矩阵解、最小二乘双对称解、最小二乘对称次反对称解及其最佳逼近等问题。

Reducing secondary flow losses is one of the key techniques to improve aerodynamic performance of turbomachine blade. Non-axisymmetric Endwall Profiling of turbomachinery blade has been proved to be an effective technique in reducing pithwise pressure gradient between pressure surface and suction surface.

降低叶栅内部二次流流动损失是提高透平机械通流效率的重要方法之一，非轴对称端壁成型技术已被验证能够有效地减小叶栅压力面与吸力面之间的横向压力梯度，降低叶栅内部二次流流动损失，提高叶栅效率。

Result: The anticancer active component includes: taxol 9.45%、cephalomanine: 9.63%、10- deacetylbaccatinⅢ: 22.64%、total flavonoids: 19.15%. 3. The preparation of Seiadopitysin control Methods: Take dry Ginkgo leaves and extracted three times by sonication with 95% EtOH, solutions were concentrated under vacuum, after defatting by petroleum benzin, the sample was extracted with EtOAc and the solutions were concentrated under vacuum.

金松双黄酮对照品的制备方法：取干燥银杏叶以95％乙醇超声提取3次，提取液合并，减压浓缩，石油醚脱脂后，用乙酸乙酯萃取，萃取液减压浓缩，经硅胶柱(6cm×80cm)层析，石油醚-乙酸乙酯(9∶1～5∶5)梯度洗脱，产物用甲醇多次冲淋，再以二甲基甲酰氨溶解，反复重结晶，得黄色粉末结晶。

However, as the name（read－only memory）implies, CD disks cannot be written onorchanged in any way.

然而，正如其名字所指出的那样，CD盘不能写，也不能用任何方式改变其内容。

Galvanizes steel pallet is mainly export which suits standard packing of European Union, the North America. galvanizes steel pallet is suitable to heavy rack. Pallet surface can design plate type, corrugated and the gap form, satisfies the different requirements.

镀锌钢托盘多用于出口，替代木托盘，免薰蒸，符合欧盟、北美各国对出口货物包装材料的法令要求；喷涂钢托盘适用于重载上货架之用，托盘表面根据需要制作成平板状、波纹状及间隔形式，满足不同的使用要求。