模式种

During the postgenomics era the information about genomic sequence and gene functions provides a new foundation for evolutionary biology and ecology As the first whole-genome sequenced plant Arabidopsis thaliana and its wild relatives have played a critical role in understanding the evolution of genomics and speciation Both A halleri and A lyrata are closely related to the model species A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera occurs in northeastern China Japan and Taiwan; while its sister A halleri ssp halleri is mainly distributed in Europe Geographical barriers such as Tienshan Mountain Range isolate these intraspecific sisters Likewise A lyrata ssp kamchatica and ssp lyrata occur in East Asia and North America respectively Such distribution patterns seem to be consistent with allopartic speciation The comparison between ancestral and extant polymorphism by multilocus can be informative about the population genetics of speciation In this study we collected and analyzed DNA sequences of 98 genes from four wild relatives of A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera A halleri ssp halleri A lyrata ssp kamchatica and A lyrata ssp lyrata The ancestral states of these four species were compared to each other in terms of level of genetic variation However the ancestral species at the time of speciation were substantially more polymorphic than the extant geographical populations The observations are not fully compatible with speciation by strict allopatry At some species pairs parapatric speciation seems more reasonable in speciation of Arabidopsis The 98 gene sequences are also used for the congruence test between gene genealogy and species phylogeny Only 28 genes support the species phylogeny but there are 23 genes supports another major genealogy { lyrata} thaliana Based on the phylogenetic position change of A lyrata ssp kamchatica and Ks value for each species pair suggested the recent directional gene flow between A halleri ssp gemmifera and A lyrata ssp kamchatica

阿拉伯芥是第一个完成基因体定序的开花植物，其基因体资讯提供植物学研究的重要依据；在解析阿拉伯芥属物种的亲缘关系以及种化机制等重要的演化议题时，阿拉伯芥近缘的野生物种自然成了不可或缺的关键；跟阿拉伯芥近缘的物种包括A halleri及A lyrata，其中A halleri ssp gemmifera主要分布於中国东北、日本以及台湾，与近缘的A halleri ssp halleri其分布於欧洲隔著天山及大陆的障蔽，而A lyrata ssp kamchatica主要分布於东北亚及台湾，与分布於北美五大湖的A lyrata ssp lyrata被北极圈所分隔，这样的分布模式暗示异域种化的可能。藉由多基因分析比较祖先物种与现生物种遗传歧异度的相关可提供讯息探讨种化时期的族群遗传结构，本研究针对A halleri ssp gemmifera、A halleri ssp halleri及A lyrata ssp kamchatica、A lyrata ssp lyrata四个物种，两对互为亚种的姊妹群，以阿拉伯芥为外群进行研究，在四个物种完成98个同源基因的分子序列，利用套装软体MCMCcoal来估算祖先物种的遗传变异，亦估算现生物种的核苷酸歧异度，观察到？多物种配对中祖先物种遗传多型性大於现生物种DNA歧异度，显示异域种化模型并无法完全解释阿拉伯芥属物种的种化模式，在某些物种配对间邻域种化模式应比异域种化更为可能；在基因树与物种树的比较，98个基因片段的亲缘模式只有28个是与已知物种树一致的，有23个基因其树状图支持{ lyrata} thaliana的型式，藉由kamchatica位置的变化以及估算各物种配对间的平均同义置换率，推测在A halleri ssp gemmifera与A lyrata ssp kamchatica间具有近代的单方向基因交流。

Even so, it provides the type of a newly created genus, Borinda.

尽管如此，该种还成为了新属Borinda的模式种。

Secondly, On the basic of existing research about mode classification of E-U-R cooperation, combine high school in Xinjiang in the aspects of producing to learn to grind to cooperate of actual, high school in Xinjiang in the research result conversion, product and technical developments and produce to learn to grind the cooperation to induce appliedly serves to consult with the mode, technique to turn to let with technique for the technique the mode, cooperation development mode, set up the entity mode, school to do the industry mode, the university science and technology park totally of the mode six greatest modes, detailed analyzed the influence factor, merit and shortcoming of the manifestation, characteristic, implement of a mode and open the exhibition circumstance in Xinjiang, return for a mode chose the typical model with meticulous care of case example.

其次，在参考现有研究对产学研合作模式分类的基础上，结合新疆高校在产学研合作方面的实际，把新疆高校在科研成果转化、产品和技术的开发和应用方面的产学研合作归纳为技术服务和技术咨询模式、技术转让模式、合作开发模式、共建实体模式、校办产业模式、大学科技园模式六大模式，详细分析了每种模式的表现形式、特征、实施的影响因素、优缺点以及在新疆的开展情况，还为每种模式精心选择了典型的案例。

The result showed that the host was one of the most important standards of classification. It was unsuitable to divide the genus into some groups. The viewpoint that the new genus Neoerysiphe was erected as the type species with Erysiphe galeopsidis, and E.

结果表明：寄主是白粉菌属种级分类的重要指标之一；白粉菌属下暂不宜分组；不支持将鼬瓣花白粉菌分出本属并以之作为模式种建立新白粉菌属、以及将金丝桃白粉菌E。

On the based of the field investigation with morphological and anatomical observation, Phacellaria rigidula (Santalaceae,type species of Phacellaria) lives on the hemi_parasitic shrubs which belong to Loranthaceae and possesses some special characteristics in habits and in morphological and anatomical structures.

野外调查和形态学研究表明，硬序重寄生(檀香科重寄生属模式种)以桑寄生科半寄生灌木为寄主，具有一些特殊的生活习性和形态结构特征。

A ruling by the Commission, using its plenary power,(1) that a work is to be deemed, for nomenclatural purposes, as unpublished, or that names and acts in it are not available; or (2) that an available name is never to be used as valid because it is available only for the purpose of homonymy ("partial suppression") or it is not available for the purposes of priority and homonymy ("total suppression"; but a totally suppressed species-group name may still denote the type species of a nominal genus or subgenus [Art. 81.2.1]); or (3) that an available name is only to be used as valid under stated conditions (e.g. when not considered a synonym of a particular later name)("conditional suppression").

委员会使用其全权，以裁决(1)基於命名法的意冒，一著作物为未出版，或其中的名称和举动为不适用；或(2)一个适用名称永不得作为一个有效名称，因为该名称仅基於异物同名的意旨时始称适用，或基於优先权和异物同名关系的意旨而不适用(&完全禁制&；但是一个被完全禁制的种群名称仍可指示一个命名属或亚属的模式种[第81条2.1])；或(3)一个适用名称仅在申明的条件下用作有效名称(例如在不被认为是一个特别的较后名称的同物异名时)。

The two-dimensional structural units (such as silicon-oxygen tetrahedral sheet, octahedral sheet), interlayer space are assembled according to the sphere close packing manner, and the close packing layers parallel to {0001}. There are several mechanisms to release the difference in size while the silicon-oxygen tetrahedral sheet and octahedral sheet assemble the TO and TOT-type structural layers. The two types of structural layers with different interlayer space fitted together in six kinds of assembling modes and formed six kinds of crystal layers. The combinatorics analysis of the two-dimensional structural units revealed that there may be 28 kinds of TOT type interstradified minerals in six kinds of polysomatic assembling modes of interatradified structure. The structural layer is symmetrical for octahedron sheet in the structure of interstratified minerals and shows polarity characteristics.

结果表明，不同二维结构单元体（包括硅氧四面体片、八面体片、层间域的构筑基本符合球体紧密堆积原理，紧密堆积层平行{0001}；四面体片与八面体片构筑TO和TOT结构层时采取多种机制消除二者在二维尺寸上的差异；两种模式的结构层与不同类型的层间物组装形成六种组装模式的晶层；并通过二维结构单元体的组合规律的分析，计算出可能存在的28种TOT型间层结构，它们分属于6种间层结构多体性组装模式；间层结构中，结构层对于八面体片是不对称的，并在属性上表现出极性特征；间层矿物的晶层类型可用6种多体性组装模式加以表达。

Geodromicus is one of the largest genera of the subfamily Omaliinae in the family Staphylinidae. It was established by Redtienbacher in 1857 with the type species Staphylinus plagiatus Fabricius.

地隐翅虫属Geodromicus是隐翅虫科Staphylinidae、四眼隐翅虫亚科Omaliinae里的一个大属，由Redtienbacher在1857年建立，模式种为Staphylinus plagiatus Fabricius。

There are two kinds of information privacy protection mode-the property rights-based protected mode and moral rights-based protected mode. It can be concluded that both of the two models are not able to provide a complete and effective information privacy protection by combining the personality with interests of property. So, when we choose or establish an information privacy protection mode, there is no need to engage in a "quasi-religious disputes" to solve the personal information is a civil liberty or a property interest, it is a wise choice to open a new path, applying modified trade secrecy default rules to information privacy protection.

本文重点分析了两种信息隐私权保护模式，即以财产权为基础的保护模式和以道德权利为基础的保护模式，认为两种保护模式都不能将信息隐私中所蕴含的人格利益和财产利益有机的统一起来对信息隐私权提供完整有效的保护，我们在选择或者建立信息隐私权保护模式时，没有必要卷入一场&准宗教争议&去解决个人对其信息隐私所享有的权利或者利益究竟是一项公民自由还是一种财产利益，而更加明智的选择是另辟蹊径，将商业秘密不履行规则修正后适用于信息隐私权保护。

Based on the research of the medical security systems in seventeen typical countries, this dissertation concludes that all systems are composed of the following five models, namely social medical aid, social medical insurance, national health services, market-oriented medical insurance and individual saving medical security. These five models could be further divided into three types, i. e. public benefit type (including social medical aid model and national health services model), insurance type (including social medical insurance model and market oriented medical insurance model) and self-security type (individual saving medical security).

在对17个案例国家和地区医疗保障制度体系分析研究的基础上，本文归纳出了构成各国医疗保障制度体系的最基本的制度单元——五种制度模式，即社会医疗救助制度模式、社会医疗保险制度模式、国家卫生服务保障制度模式、市场医疗保险制度模式、个人储蓄医疗保障制度模式，并将这五种制度模式进一步归并为福利型(社会医疗救助制度模式和国家卫生服务保障制度模式)、保险型(社会医疗保险制度模式和市场医疗保险制度模式)、自保型(个人储蓄医疗保障制度模式)三种体制类型。

Singer Leona Lewis and former Led Zeppelin guitarist Jimmy Page emerged as the bus transformed into a grass-covered carnival float, and the pair combined for a rendition of "Whole Lotta Love".

歌手leona刘易斯和前率领的飞艇的吉他手吉米页出现巴士转化为基层所涵盖的嘉年华花车，和一双合并为一移交&整个lotta爱&。

This is Kate, and that's Erin.

这是凯特，那个是爱朗。