模型理论

The error model of normal direction is a simplified model of the previous one and is widely used in describing error of straight lines.

通过实例说明了εm模型是理论上更加严密的缓和曲线误差模型，而εm模型是一种简化的描述模型。

The paper commencing with analyses of the basic property of the hydrate, structure and sort, analyzes micro kinetics, formation condition, gas hydrate formation mechanism and influencing factor in high sulfur; also proceed analysis in depth for existent hydrate prediction model; according to gas dissolving, hydrate lattice deformation, synergistic action of inhibitor, carry out analytical study for existent error between normal forecast model and physical condition; introduce key parameter theory to establish and modify prediction model of hydrate formation condition to suit for high sulfur gas reservoir and inhibitor system, analyses different kinds of prevention and cure measures to influence of hydrate; finally, through field application in high sulfur gas reservoir hydrate.

本文从分析水合物的基本性质、结构与分类出发，分析了水合物生成过程中的微观动力学、生成条件、高含硫天然气水合物生成机理以及影响因素；并对现行的水合物预测模型进行了深入剖析，根据气体溶解、水合物晶格变形、抑制剂协同作用等因素对常规预测模型与实际条件之间存在的误差进行了分析研究；通过引入关键参数理论，建立并改进了适合高含硫气藏水合物生成条件预测模型及抑制剂体系的高含硫水合物生成条件预测模型，分析了各种防治措施对水合物的影响；最后通过高含硫气藏水合物实例计算，分析了含硫化氢、二氧化碳组分的天然气与常规气体对水合物生成条件的影响，并对各种水合物防治措施进行了实例计算。

The efficiency of modeling and identifying can be evidently improved by using the techniques of object oriented modeling, interface finite element grid, unit node code auto-numbering and model parameters setting. At the same time, the capability of GIS analysis features is extended. These techniques will promote GIS's application to groundwater, and speedup the course that theoretic research on groundwater systemic analysis models transfer to productivity.

在地下水地理信息系统中，采用面向对象的地下水建模技术，交互式有限单元网格生成与单元节点自动编号，通过对象属性设置完成模型参数设置，这些不仅提高了模型建立和模型识别的速度，提高了工作效率，而且将推动GIS在地下水研究中的应用，加速地下水系统分析模型从理论研究向生产力转化的进程。

Secondly, the paper does research systematically on the basic theories of MDA, including MDA model architecture, Meta Object Facility, the mapping from metamodel to other formats and Common Warehouse Metamodel. The paper also analyzes detaily the definition, the basic rule and the characteristic of model transformation. Then a standard development flow based on MDA is put forward. The problems about parameterized mapping and partial round-trip engineering are discussed. From the discussion the most optimized method is pointed out.

其次，本文系统深入地研究了 MDA 建模体系、元对象设施 MOF、基于 MOF 的元模型到各种信息格式的映射和公共仓库元模型 CWM 等 MDA 基本理论，分析了模型转换定义、规则及其特征，提出了一个基于 MDA 的开发流程，讨论了在模型转换过程中的"参数化"映射问题和"往返工程"问题，并在多种解决方法中分析出最优解决方法。

This paper introduces the game theory and sets up, based on it, the choice model for the public transportation priority by identifying the function of the payoff and the muster of attendee and stratagem. In addition, it analyses the existence of NASH equilibrium, and puts forward the arithmetic of Iterated Elimination of Strictly Dominated Strategies in the general condition, the Integrated Strategies in the special condition and the flow chart of the model. At last, it verifies the feasibility of the model with the given example.

本文采用了博弈论的理论，通过对公交优先系统中参与者集合N、战略集合S和收益函数u的确定，建立了一种基于博弈论的公交优先技术方案选择博弈模型来量化方案选择问题；在此基础上分析了NASH均衡的存在性，并且给出了一般情况下的重复剔除劣战略和特殊情况下的混合策略两种模型求解方法以及公交优先技术方案选择博弈模型的流程图；最后通过算例分析，验证了博弈模型应用于公交优先技术方案选择的可行性。

Based on the elastic perfectly plasticmodel and elastic-hardening plastic model, constitutive equations arederived from Hinton model, Ottosen model, Chen-Chen model andpresent model for shell element under spatial stress condition.

基于弹塑性理论，根据Hinton模型、Chen-Chen模型、Ottosen模型、本文模型，推导了壳体单元弹塑性本构方程。

The main research work and its results are: 1Empirical results are analysed for the relations of fault displacement and earthquake magnitude, and difference between permanent ground deformation and maxium dynamic relative displacement on the two sides of fault; 2An analytic method is proposed for resopnse of a buried pipeline due to earthquake fault movement; 3A new shell model with an equivalent boundary and relted finite element analysis method are proposed for estimating response of a buried pipeline under large fault movement; 4By the proposed method, damage performance of water supply steel pipelines with large diameter is simulated to the real cases in Kocaeli Earthquake and Ji-Ji Earthquake, and simulating results show the real failure mode of pipes is revealed; 5Effects of overlying soil and soft/hard interlayers are analyzed on ground rupture mode and degree due to earthquake fault, and some earthquake rupture phenomena in soil layers are theoretically described for the first time; 6Pipeline response characters are discussed for the case of considering effects of soil layers on ground rupture mode; 7Research results and proposed method are applied in seismic analysis of pipline acrossing fault in the Gas Tansportation Project from West to East in China.

主要工作和成果包括：1）分析了不同断层位错形式下地表破裂位错量与震级之间的经验关系，并基于集集地震近断层记录分析了断层两侧永久地面变形和地震动相对位移幅值之间的差别，为合理地考虑地震断层位错地面变形动态影响提供了依据；2）发展了断层位错地面大变形下管线反应分析模型并给出物理概念明确、简单实用的解析分析方法；3）建立了断层位错下埋地管线反应分析的等效边界壳模型有限元方法，方法中引入了以非线性弹簧形式模拟离断层较远处管段影响的等效边界，简化了计算模型并突出了近断层处管体反应；4）利用等效边界壳模型方法，对土耳其地震和集集地震中大口径埋地管线震害进行了模拟，结果表明所提方法可以更清地解释震害所表现的管体破坏特征；5）研究了覆盖土层和软硬夹层的存在对断层位错地面破裂形式和程度的影响，首次从理论上解释了某些地震地表破裂现象；6）探讨了考虑土层对断层位错地面变形影响的管体反应特征；7）本项目成果已在西气东输工程的管道跨断层抗震问题分析中得到了应用。

A chemical reaction mechanism model has been established to simulate the combustion process in the cylinder of dual fuel engine. The pilot fuel model has been given to calculate the distribution of the liquid fuel and time of fuel pre-combustion, at the same time, analyzing the important action to the combustion of the natural gas in the combustion chamber of engine, determining the best quantity of pilot fuel.

理论方面，提出了基于化学反应的燃烧模型—多组分气相反应系统的化学反应动力学模型，以此进行双燃料发动机的热力学—化学反应动力计算；引燃油燃烧模型，计算引燃油液滴的分布规律和滞燃期，验证引燃油在双燃料发动机燃烧过程中的作用，揭示不同喷油规律对双燃料发动机的影响，确定在不同负荷下的合理引燃油量；爆震模型，揭示爆震与工质能量释放间的关系和影响爆震的各种运转因素，确定合理的爆震依据，减小爆震倾向。

It's pointed out that soft sensor will play more important role in field bus network control system. According to this, a crude solution was addressed. At last, we point out that soft sensor technology must used to build an information warehouse for the whole enterprise, combined with data fusion, data warehouse, data rectification and other related technologies. The main contributions of this dissertation are as follows: The background, requirement, and application situation of soft sensors are expounded, the theories, methods and skills of soft sensing technology are analyzed, and the fruits and problems in current soft sensor technologies are summarized. Some new methods of soft sensor is proposed: A principal component analysis-based secondary variable selection method are proposed; A new conception which modeling data should have gross error detection is addressed, and then a cluster analysis-based modeling data gross error detection method is given.

本文的主要贡献有：对软测量技术根据实践的要求进行了一定的理论研究，针对具体问题提出了新的方法：讨论了辅助变量选择问题，研究了基于主元分析的辅助变量选择方法，该方法克服了传统方法只能利用数学模型产生的仿真数据进行最优辅助变量选择的缺点，可以根据历史数据进行辅助变量选择；提出了建模数据显著误差侦破的概念，指出传统的显著误差侦破研究的是已知过程数学模型的情况，而建模时数学模型是未知的，但是直接来自现场的数据并不能保证不含显著误差，并用基于聚类分析的方法解决了该问题，该方法利用聚类分析原理，直接面对过程数据，不需以过程模型为基础，在此基础上给出了软测量建模过程中样本数据的处理方法。

The essential point in the theories and applications of product modeling is that an integral data model covering all stages of the life cycle of a product must be established.

产品造型理论及技术的中心在于建立产品在其整个生命周期中的信息模型，包括产品数据模型、产品设计过程模型以及产品设计活动模型。

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。