模型理论

The second improvement is to combine the fuzzy optimization model, which has its advantages with view to quantitative problems, with the decision-making method based on fuzzy congruity theory, which has its advantages with view to qualitative problems, thereby a modelthat is more applicable to the practical evaluation of the problems that have both quantitative indices and qualitative indices, or a so-called mixed model is established.

本研究提出了相应的改进方法：一是将基于模糊一致矩阵理论的决策分析方法推广到了多层次的情况，使之适用于多层次、多指标综合评价问题；二是将对定量指标问题具有优越性的模糊优选模型和对定性指标问题具有优越性的基于模糊一致矩阵理论的决策分析方法结合起来，构建了更适合应用于实际综合评价问题既有定量指标又有定性指标的模型，即所谓的混合型模型。

Based on the assumption that the heating floor radiation agrees with Lambert's cosine law and the outdoor human body could be equivalent to a "human cylinder", the mathematical model and formula to describe the thermal radiation from the floor to human body are established.

在基本假设和"人体柱"模型的基础上，建立采暖地板对室内人体热辐射的理论计算模型。利用该理论模型，对矩形等温地板的采暖辐射特性进行计算分析。

The effect of tribology factors on bearing vibration is studied experimentally. AR model and WPT are used to processing the normal arid abnormal signals. The results are as follows:1. The vibration of ball bearings is caused by the tribology action of contact pairs of ball and ring races and has the essential of tribo-dynamics. Any factors affecting the tribology characteristics of contact pairs will affect vibration and noise of bearings consequently.2. Vibration characteristics of bearing keep almostly unchanged with the increasing of axial load expecting the increasing of nature frequencies. When radial load increasing with axial load unchanged, nature frequencies keep unchanged but some new vibration peaks appears in the spectrum.3. Vibration amplitudes are damped and nature frequency are enhanced with sufficient lubrication. Vibration and noise of bearings increase obviously and roar can happen and the contact surfaces scratch slightly under insufficient and unclean lubrication state. Bearing will be disabled in a few minutes without any lubrication.4. Bearing vibration is unstable under low speed. With the speed increasing, the vibration become stable and natural frequencies increase slightly but the amplitudes increase apparently.5. Bearing vibration can be excited only by some harmonics ofwaviness without lubrication and by all harmonics with lubrication based on the theoretical analysis.6. The nature frequencies of ball bearings decrease with the increasing sizes. When international clearance increasing, nature frequencies decrease in radial and increase in axial and angular and the amplitudes increase in radial and decrease in axial and angular. When the number of balls increasing, nature frequencies increase and amplitudes decrease. When the pitch diameter increasing, axial nature frequency increase and others nearly keep no change. When outer race groove curvature radius increasing, nature frequencies increase in radial and decrease in axial and angular and amplitudes keep no change in radial and increase in axial and angular. When inner race groove curvature radius increasing, nature frequencies decrease and amplitudes increase.7. The distortion in amplitude and frequency components of bearing vibration signals picked up by the present probe measurement method is founded and right conclusions cannot be achieved by the signals. When accelerometer is rigidly screwed with steel stud onto a flat outer surface of a ball bearing, vibration signal can be got without distortion and the reliability of research on bearing vibration is assured.8. AR model is suitable for large samples of bearing vibration signals, square root of length of samples can be used as the upper limitation of order determination and the FPE order selection criterion is effective. Many advantages of AR spectrum are founded over the classical based on FFT.9. Time-Frequency analysis is necessary for abnormal noise of ball bearings. WPT overcomes the principle shortcomings of STFT and proved to be a best tool to process the abnormal signals.

理论分析和试验研究表明： 1球轴承振动是钢球—滚道接触副中的各种摩擦学作用引起的，具有摩擦动力学的本质，任何对接触副的摩擦学特性有影响的因素都将对球轴承的振动和噪声特性产生影响； 2中心轴向载荷作用下，载荷增大使球轴承的固有振动频率升高，载荷越大同样的载荷增幅引起的频率升幅减小，足够大的中心轴向载荷作用下载荷的变化对球轴承振动的频率特性不会产生明显的影响； 3轴向和径向联合载荷作用下，径向载荷不大时球轴承振动的固有频率基本不变，但是可能引起变刚度激励的非线性振动，出现新的频峰，过大的径向载荷将使部分钢球脱离接触，使球轴承的振动和噪声呈现不稳定状态； 4润滑对球轴承的振动和噪声特性有重要的影响，良好的润滑对振动有明显的抑制作用，润滑不充分时，振动和噪声的水平会有明显增高，一定条件下还会激发接触副中的谐振，发出啸声，造成接触表面的伤害，无润滑干接触时，短时的运转就会损伤接触副表面，使振动和噪声迅速增大，并随时可能引发严重的磨损和卡滞失效；接触副润滑良好时，油膜的"刚化效应"使球轴承振动的固有频率有所提高，润滑剂中含有弥散性污浊时，振动的幅度总体升高，但弥散性污浊不会改变球轴承振动的频率特性；浙江大学博士学位论文：球轴承振动的研究 5低速时，球轴承振动的基本特征呈现不稳定状态，随着转速的提高，球轴承振动的频率特性趋于稳定，固有频率频峰升高； 6理论分析表明，干接触时钢球和滚道表面波纹度的某些谐波分量能激励球轴承的振动，振动的幅值与谐波幅值成正比，实际球轴承中钢球的分布不可能完全均匀，波纹度的激励作用会随时发生；润滑接触的分析表明，波纹度的任意谐波分量均能激励球轴承的振动； 7球轴承的几何和结构参数分析表明，球轴承尺寸越大，径向、轴向和角振动的固有频率越低；钢球中心圆直径增大，球轴承的径向和轴向振动的固有频率基本不变，角振动的固有频率有所上升，振动的幅频特性基本不变；径向游隙加大使球轴承的径向振动固有频率降低，轴向和角振动的固有频率有所升高，径向振动幅频特性的幅值升高，而轴向和角向降低；钢球的数量增多使球轴承振动的固有频率上升，幅频特性的幅值下降，径向振动的幅值下降最为明显；外圈沟曲率半径系数增大使球轴承径向振动的固有频率升高，轴向和角振动的固有频率降低，径向幅频特性基本不变，轴向和角向幅频特性幅值升高；内圈沟曲率半径系数增大使径向、轴向和角振动固有频率均下降，振动幅频特性的幅值均有升高； 8试验对比表明，传感器采用探针式安装时，由于探针接触副接触特性的影响，钡(量得到的球轴承振动信号有失真，采用专门设计和制作的试验球轴承，以固定式安装加速度计，首次测量得到了球轴承振动的真实信号，通过对振动信号的分析，验证了球轴承振动的理论模型； 9)基于时间序列分析的AR模型适用于大样本球轴承振动信号的分析，以样本长度的均方根值作定阶上界，FPE做判阶准则，给出的AR谱光滑，频率分辨率高，是球轴承振动分析的简便而可靠的手段； 10以时频域分析的小波包变换分析球轴承异音信号能够比较好地定位和聚焦异音发生的时间，时间间隔，频率范围，同样是球轴承振动分析的可靠的手段，可用作球轴承故障诊断技术。

Typical accident-causing" theories includes Heinrich" s Domino" s theory, its development by Bird, Adams and other people, progress of which is that it is deficiencies of management system that are the root cause in accident causation sequence. This is author" s idea resource and main method to produce the water traffic accident-causing theory . in addition, uncontrolled transferring of energy theory, applies widely in safety management scheme for water traffic; human error accident model can be used to analyze causes of collision accident and to take preventive measures; perturbation theory and multilinear event sequencing method is a very useful investigation method to water traffic accidents. All of these theories have contributed to the development of water traffic accident-causing theory. As to orbit intersecting theory, the paper thinks it extension of Domino s theory, although it exists independently.

有代表性的事故致因理论有海因里希因果连锁理论以及博德、亚当斯等人对该理论的发展，这些发展的主要进步是突出了管理缺陷是事故因果连锁中的基本原因，是本文分析和发展水上交通事故致因理论的主要思想来源和方法论；能量意外转移理论，广泛的应用在水上交通安全的各项具体管理制度中；人失误事故模型能用于指导对碰撞事故的原因分析和预防；动态变化理论及多线性事件连锁论对指导事故调查是较好的分析方法；轨迹交叉理论虽然以独立的理论形式存在，但本文认为其实质仍然是因果连锁理论的发展。

An original two-dimensional Causes-Results Theory was promoted to be three-dimensional Orbit Intersecting Theory, which can be utilized to illuminate mechanism and measurement of coupling; and Domino Theory from H·W·Heinrich was redefined into "Mechanism of Eliminate and Uncoupling", which extend the connotation and thought of original theory and was discussed by this dissertation.

基于系统工程理论，论述了人-物-环系统中对HMTE风险构成因素的识别，在分析单因素、双因素和三因素耦合致因机理以及现有理论的基础上，提出了三维轨迹交汇理论，并建立了耦合致因模型，探索了HMTE直接耦合机理、间接耦合机理和风险构成的耦合度量，提出了剔除解耦、隔离解耦和支撑解耦三种机理的模型和方法。

Followed from the currency reserve structure to optimize the structure of the main factors affecting research, this paper introduces the three theoretical models: Asset Portfolio Theory, Heller—Knight Model and Dooly Model. Portfolio Theory stresses the returns and risks in arranging the structure of foreign exchange reserves.

紧接着从优化储备货币结构入手，对影响结构的几个主要因素进行了研究，并介绍了外汇储备币种结构选择的三大理论模型，即资产组合理论、海勒——奈特模型和杜利模型。

In the paper, theoretic transfer heat model of HHCHP is established. After comparing experimental value and estimative value, we deduce that theoretic transfer heat model accords with actual condition, so we can estimate the heat performance of HHCHP by theoretic calculation formula.

同时建立了蜂窝热管平板式太阳能热水器的理论传热模型，通过对实验值和理论值的比较，得出进行简化后的理论模型在一般情况下与实际的情况是符合的，因此可以用理论计算公式对蜂窝热管平板式太阳能热水器的热性能进行估算。

Based on Euler equation, a mathematical formula of this method is derived and a algorithm for calculating parameters of multiple sources is provided. Model studies show that the method can locate or outline multiple sources with remarkable accuracy in two or three dimension.

推导出了组合模型二维和三维欧拉反演方法的理论计算公式，提出了相关的计算步骤，并通过理论模型演算证实了该方法对于组合模型反演的正确性和可靠性。

In traditional evaluation thought and model, the character of the "zero sum game" brings theoretic limitation to research of team construction, as well as enterprise competition and effective cooperation.

针对传统评价思想和模型中"零和博弈"特征对团队建设，以及企业竞争与有效合作研究构成的理论缺陷，本文导入生态学中几经演变已趋于成熟的生态位理论及其量化评价技术，利用生态位评价对物种竞争与和谐共存关系有效描述的独特优势，构建了新型的、基于生态位的企业及核心员工评价模型，并对模型进行了实证研究与检验。

Key words:the three dimensional contact problem with friction;nonlinearcomplementary;nonsmooth equations;generalized derivative;nonsmoothmethod;convergence analysis

给出了三维摩擦接触问题的一个非光滑混合不动点模型及算法，这种算法无须求导数，没有引进任何额外变量，并且可视为一种三维摩擦接触问题的迭代法，利用非光滑分析和不动点理论对算法做了分析，给出了算法的不动点理论背景及算法的理论分析，为模型解的存在性及算法收敛性提供分析依据，最后给出了相应的数值算例。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。