模型理论

Aimed to two major problems: one is not decidable and the other is no clear semantics. We construct a framework with explicit representation and formal semantics of goalsgoal description logics, which integrates two types of goals: declarative goals and procedural goals into one concept based on description logics. In addition, the goal plan is defined and analyzed, and some reasoning problems, such as goal consistency and goal satisfiability, are discussed. Contrary to traditional ways of goal description, GDLs can bridge the gap between theory and practice in a natural way.

针对传统的目标描述中存在的不可判定性以及没有清晰的语义等问题，在描述逻辑(description logics，DLs)上，将宣称型和过程型2种类型的目标描述有机地整合在一起，从而构建了具有清晰语义与可判定性的形式化框架--目标描述逻辑(goal description logics， GDLs)，在此基础上，定义了该框架下有关规划规则；建立了可用于判定目标一致性、目标可满足性的方法，与传统的目标描述方法相比，目标描述逻辑为主体领域模型提供了一种更有力的形式化工具，同时为智能主体的模型和设计提供了很好的理论工具。

Finally the parameters of grenade launcher are also optimized in this paper, which offer the direction to improve the capability of this new weapon.

在分析模型的基础上，对这种新型的模型进行仿真计算与多目标优化，获得了一系列具有参考价值的曲线与计算数据，对今后该枪挂榴弹发射器的研究设计提供理论指导。

This paper presents two methods of analysis of gripper mechanism .

提出模拟分析递纸机构的两种方法，并将实测模型与理论模型进行比较，证明了分析结果的正确性。

Theory survey part introduces some concepts relative to Item Bias and Differential Item Functioning, as well as the recent development and some ordinary methods, especially parametric IRT approaches used to explore DIE Based on the response the 21 optional item of the laws pertaining to the economy (both dichotomously and polytomously scored items) in 2004 intermediate economic test throughout country, a parametric procedures using the Graded Response Model (GRM, Samejima, 1969) and MULTILOG (Thissen,1991) was used to detect gender-related DIF, nation-related DIF, district-related DIF and work classification-related DIF.

理论综述部分主要介绍了项目偏差、项目功能差异的有关概念、目前国内外的研究状况以及检测DIF的一些常用方法。实证研究部分，应用DIF检验的参数方法和MULTILOG软件，在项目反应理论Samejima等级反应模型下，对2004年度全国经济专业技术资格考试的经济基础中级试卷中经济法部分21个项目做DIF分析。

Theoretical extension of the group selection model proposed by Sober and Wilson in 1998 is given, and its shortcomings are corrected, so that the new model can give a better description of reality, and some valuable conclusions are made.

笔者对索伯和威尔逊在1998年提出的群体选择模型进行了理论上的扩展，并对其不足之处进行了改进，使改进以后的模型更加符合实际，并得到了一些有价值的新结论。

Based on point explosion theory , the approximate analytical formulas of momentum coupling coefficient and impulse of cone and parabolic crafts are deduced. The results show that the total axial impact momentum for parabolic craft is larger than that of cone craft and it increases with the increase of half open angle.

以LSD/LSC波理论为基础建立了一个近似的理论解析模型，推导出圆锥形和抛物形飞行器获得的冲量及冲量耦合系数的近似解析表达式，公式表明冲量耦合系数随着半张角的增加而增加，同时抛物形飞行器要比圆锥形飞行器的动量汇聚效果好。

It consists of fitting seismic ray traveltimes and positions to data calculated by ray tracing. In order to improve inversion stability and efficiency, seismic ray is described by Hamilton function and ray tracing is done in phase space. Validation tests on synthetic and practical data are analyzed. The tests show that this tomographic method is effective for estimating velocity field in complex media.

为提高反演的稳定性和计算效率，引入了Hamilton函数描述射线，在相空间计算反演所需的射线路径和目标函数对模型参数的导数，对理论模型和实际地震资料进行了试算，试算表明该方法对复杂介质具有较强的适应能力。

Applying atomic many-body theory to analyse the Goldston diagrams of effective Hamiltonian and wave operator about electron-electron correlation for open shell atoms, we use a simple method to evaluate the effective Hamiltonian and calculate the correlation effectes of Corbon with HFS model as a zeroth order approximation. Making contrasts with the experiment and the calculation based on HF model we get pleased results.

应用原子多体理论对开壳层原子中电子关联效应的有效哈密顿量及波算符的Goldston图进行了分析，在此基础上得到了计算有效哈密顿量的简单方法；以HFS模型为零级近似对中性碳原子基态的关联效应进行了计算并通过与实验结果及其他文献基于HF模型进行的计算相比较，得到了令人满意的结论。

The theory and application is explained in this paper. Software XMGREDIT5 matching ELCIRC is used to generate unstructured grid, and is considered fit for ocean but rivers. Tidal current is simulated and validated well, and sensitivity of current structure to bathymetry is visible. Affection of wind is qualitatively analyzed here. At the same time the model is improved on as required, like the tidal open boundary which could choose not only long period harmonic constant but also short period harmonic constant and tidal level, and multi-point results and flow field data could be exported effectively with binary results.

本文介绍了ELCIRC的理论及使用；基于其在Linux平台下的软件XMGREDIT5生成全三角形网格并评价其特性，认为XMGREDIT5较适合大范围海域而不适用于河道；应用ELCIRC模型计算了长江口的潮流场并进行验证，结果与实测资料吻合良好，且能较好地模拟出地形变化对水流结构的影响；文中对于风场的影响作了定性分析，同时根据实际需要对模型作了改进，如将仅支持长期资料调和常数的开边界条件改为可选择的短期调和常数边界和潮位边界，使二进制格式结果文件数据输出可以处理多点数据及流场等等。

Also, a learning style involves a theoretical model that proposes that individuals have preferred ways in which they learn; learning styles typically involve visual representation, vocal explanations, and practical examples; experiential learning proposes several ways in which an educator can accommodate these learning styles, although all such styles have a bias toward practical expression and place less emphasis on theoretical expressions of learning.

同时，学习风格包含一种理论模型，主张学习者个体有较喜爱的学习方式，并通过这种方式来学习。它通常包含视觉表征、有声解说和实例；经验学习提出了一些方法，通过这些方法教育者可以帮助这些学习风格更好地适应，尽管所有这些风格更偏重对学习实践的表述而较少注重学习理论的表述。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。