榕

As to which one would like to pay the evolutionary cost to develop the mechanism to maintain the system stable, it seems that only the figs developed the mechanism to maintain the system stable by positive regulation to foundress number to be in their fruit cavities.

由于榕树与榕小蜂所竞争的公共资源仅只有榕树所提供，因而维持系统稳定的博弈中榕树所获得利益比榕小蜂大，这样就形成了一个&智猪博弈&，因而维持系统稳定的机制只由一方进化而来。

We produced two groups of pollinating wasps, either carrying pollen or not, and introduced one or two foundress wasps from each group into single figs. Figs entered by no wasps aborted rapidly, but almost all figs entered by wasps completed their development normally, except a few entered by a single pollen-free wasp.

结果发现：没有传粉榕小蜂进入的隐头花序果会很快终止发育并脱落；而在放了传粉榕小蜂的隐头花序果里，除少数几个放一只不带粉的外，隐头花序果基本都能完成其生活史。

Fig/fig pollinator mutualistic systems are exploited by non-pollinating fig wasps.

榕树与传粉榕小蜂的互惠共生体系被多种非传粉榕小蜂利用。

Mutualism is a relationship between individuals of different species that benefits all the partners. However, this interaction may also be described as mutual exploitation. The "host sanctions effect" predicts that the hosts punish partners that cheat by receiving benefits without paying for them. Fig trees and their fig-pollinating wasps constitute a mutualistic system with a mainly one-to-one relationship.

为验证榕树与其传粉榕小蜂这一严格的、一对一的互利共生系统中是否存在寄主惩罚效应，作者于2007年在云南省西双版纳热带植物园中对雌雄同株的垂叶榕仍进行了单果放蜂实验。

Any of numerous tropical trees, shrubs, or climbers of the genus Ficus, having pearlike multiple fruits.

榕属植物一种榕属的热带树木、灌木或攀缘植物，有许多梨状复果

The results were as follows: 1 There were 7 133 trees, belonging to 23 species and 18 genera and 13 families, and their average DBH, crown and height were respectively 27.59 cm, 4.10 m and 6.94 m. In general their average crown was relative small. 2 S, H (Shannon-Wiener index), and D of biodiversity index were small, and there were the obvious difference in those indexes among different streets, which suggested that there were certain monotone of the tree species and structure layer. 3 The dominant species mainly consisted of evergreen trees that were Ficus virens var. sublanveolata, Ficus benjamina, Roystonea regia, Terminalia hainanensis, T.

结果表明：1梅州城区行道树共有13科18属23种7133株，其平均胸径、平均冠幅、平均树高分别为27.59cm，4.10m，6.94m，总体上看，平均冠幅偏小；2物种丰富度指数S、Shannon-Wiener指数H和Simpson指数D偏小且各道路间差异明显，说明各道路行道树存在一定程度的物种单一性、层次的单调性；3梅州市城区行道树优势树种是大叶榕、垂榕、大王椰子，次优势种为海南榄仁、阿珍榄仁、阴香，它们是梅州城市街道绿化的好树种。

From August to November 2005, the ovipositing behaviour of two non-pollinating fig wasps of Philotrypesis in Ficus hispida figs were observed, the figs at post-flora phase were dissected to test the distribution patterns of galls used by the two non-pollinating wasps, and the quantity of wasps in figs were counted from different fig crops of three different years.

2005年8-11月，在西双版纳热带植物园对寄生对叶榕的佩妃延腹小蜂的产卵行为进行了观察，并解剖雄花前期的隐头果观察小蜂利用瘦花资源情况；对不同年份(2003、2004、2005)，不同批次的隐头果内榕小蜂数量进行了统计。

Figs and their pollinating wasps constitute the extreme example of interactions between plants and insects. Each fig species is pollinated by a single minute, pollen-bearing female wasp species that only depend on the particular fig syconia for the production of their offspring, so the relation is generally regarded as species-specific.

榕树-榕小蜂的互惠共生是植物与其传粉者间相互作用的最极端的特例，几乎每一种榕树均由榕小蜂科的一种特定昆虫传粉，而它们的小蜂也只能在此特定榕树种的花内养育它们的幼虫，构成了高度的种专一性。

The hotel features a combination of over 1410 square meters of sophisticated meeting spaces with 15 function rooms and the majestic Diamond Ballroom to suit every occasion.

饭店拥有15间多功能厅和钻石会议厅，总面积达1410平方米。适合举办各种会议与活动。亚洲著名的悦榕Spa也选择饭店开设了旗舰店。在1000平方米的上海悦榕spa里，客人们可随意选择13间spa五行疗房，体验身心的彻底放松。

Guests looking to dine at the hotel can choose from seven multiple award-winning outlets that boast The Worlds Greatest Brunch, Shanghais Best Asian Restaurant, and one of the city Most Authentic Italian Restaurants with a Romantic Setting: The hotel features a combination of over 1410 square meters of sophisticated meeting spaces with 15 function rooms and the majestic Diamond Ballroom to suit every occasion.

饭店拥有15间多功能厅和钻石会议厅，总面积达1410平方米。适合举办各种会议与活动。亚洲著名的悦榕Spa也选择饭店开设了旗舰店。在1000平方米的上海悦榕spa里，客人们可随意选择13间spa五行疗房，体验身心的彻底放松。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。