概率

The characteristic function of the probability density function of response variable is obtained by the high efficient multidimensional numerical integration method or convolution integral based on response surface method. Then the discrete probability density function of response variable is calculated using the fast Fourier inverse transform technique, at last the cumulative distribution function of the response variable can be quantitatively determined.

首先利用高效多维数值积分方法或基于响应面法的卷积积分求解功能函数的分布函数的特征函数，也就是进行Fourier正变换；然后利用快速Fourier逆变换数值求解功能函数的概率密度函数，进而求得失效概率。

For example, mutation carriers diagnosed initially in their early to mid 30s had a 31 percent cumulative probability of developing contralateral breast cancer within 10 years as compared to a 7 percent probability among non-carriers.

例如，初步诊断为突变携带者在30年代初期至中期有百分之三十的发展在10年内对侧乳腺癌的累积概率比较，在非运营商的概率为百分之七。

Carriers of either mutation who were diagnosed with breast cancer before age 55 faced an 18 percent cumulative probability of developing cancer in the opposite breast within 10 years as compared to a 5 percent cumulative probability among women who were mutation-free.

无论是谁的乳腺癌诊断与基因突变携带者55岁之前在10年内面临着一个发展中的百分之18的对面乳腺癌的累积概率为百分之五比一，妇女谁是突变无累积概率。

The current sensitivity probability density function of energetic materials was deduced based on Frank-Kamenetskii parameter and resistance supposing as stochastic variable of normal distribution, by the application of the probability density formula of function in two random variables.

将Frank-Kamenetskii参数和电阻假设为正态分布的随机变量，应用二维随机变量函数的概率密度公式，推导出了含能材料电流点火感度的概率密度函数。

The research shows that asymmetry information can cause sluggish behaviour for the same type of employees, the exogenous layoff probability can restrain labour positivity and threaten the efficient labour of the employees, and reduce the agent cost. While endogenetic layoff probability cannot impact on the function of the assembled mechanisms consisting of promotion and fixed income under asymmetry information, which can avoid the moral risk of employees to achieve the same degree of their labour under symmetry information.

研究表明：非对称信息会诱导同类员工偷懒行为，外生裁员概率抑制员工的劳动积极性，对员工的有效劳动构成一种威胁，但裁员概率降低了代理成本；外生裁员机制并不影响信息非对称下的晋升激励和固定收入组合机制持有的避免员工道德风险的功能，实现员工对称信息下的努力程度；以绩效评估为特征的内生裁员机制能够促使异类员工更加努力工作，提高产量，相应地也增加了工资支出；高能员工比低能员工更努力，提高员工裁员绩效标准和高能员工比例，有利于降低代理成本。

According to this joint probability density function, the probability density function of the ambiguity residual vector is obtained.

根据这个联合概率密度函数得到了模糊度残差向量的概率密度。

In this paper,a new concept of the depth charge with projectiles is put forward from the cargo projectiles used in the ground guns,in order to improve the interception probability of the depth charge.

火箭深弹是水面舰艇拦截鱼雷的常用武器，为提高火箭深弹拦截鱼雷的概率，提出了子母深弹的概念，将地面火炮中常用的子母弹技术应用于深弹反鱼雷攻击中，通过分析子母弹的散布特性，来比较子母深弹和火箭深弹毁伤鱼雷的效能，并通过Monte-Carlo法仿真了这一过程，分析了影响子母深弹的毁伤概率的因素。

Because the time series generated from finite difference equation with chaos may also possess exponential distribution of probability density. Additionally, irregular dynamics has ever been attributed to the presence of stochastic noise in many systems, but actually it may result from chaotic process in deterministic system.

近年来对非线性动力系统的深入研究发现：观察到某一过程具有指数型概率密度事件分布并不足以确定它就是泊松过程，由具有混沌行为的有限差分方程所产生的时间序列也可具有指数型概率密度分布；在许多系统中，过去归因于随机噪声的不规则动力学特性，实际上很有可能是由确定性系统中的混沌过程所致。

According to the characteristics of large scale systems, a fuzzy fault diagnosis algorithm based on digraph models is proposed.

基于最大后验概率准则的复杂系统多故障诊断推理算法依赖于系统先验故障概率的获取。

In the single crystal of C60 with a FCC structure,positron mainly appears outside the C60 molecule.The main annihilation space is the interspace between molecules.The calculated positron bulk lifetime in C60 is 352ps, which agrees with experiment value of 356ps in literature.In carbon nanotube bundles with different dimeters,as the diameter of carbon nanotubes increases,the main space where positron appears changes from the interspace of carbon tubes to the space inside carbon tubes,the radio between positron annihilation with valence eletrons and core eletrons becomes larger,the positron bulk lifetime in carbon nanotube increase rapidly first and come to be a constant at the end.The calculated positron lifetime of carbon nanotube with a dimeter of 0.8～1.6ns is 332～470ps,which agrees with the experiment value of 394ps.Positron annihilation has been studied in widly used compound semiconductors.

计算结果表明：在片层结构的石墨晶体中，正电子主要在石墨层间的空隙中湮没，计算出的石墨中的正电子寿命为208 pS，与文献中的实验结果215 ps符合很好；在金刚石单晶中，正电子主要在碳原子之间的空隙中存在并发生湮没，计算出的金刚石中的正电子寿命为115 ps，文献中的实验结果110 ps左右符合；在面心立方结构的C60晶体中，正电子主要在C60分子球壳内外侧及分子之间存在，C60球形分子中心正电子分布很少，正电子的湮没区域集中在C60分子之间的空隙区域，计算出的C60中的正电子寿命为352 ps与文献中的实验结果356ps相符合；对于不同管径碳米管束中的正电子分布，随着碳纳米管直径的增加，碳纳米管束中的正电子由主要在碳纳米管管间的区域出现转变为主要在碳纳米管管内中心的区域出现：碳纳米管束中的正电子与碳原子的价电子的湮没概率变得越来越大，与核心电子的湮没概率变得越来越小；碳纳米管束中正电子的湮没寿命先迅速增大，而后趋于一定值。

And Pharaoh spoke to Joseph, saying, Your father and your brothers have come to you.

47：5 法老对约瑟说，你父亲和你弟兄们到你这里来了。

Additionally, the approximate flattening of surface strip using lines linking midpoints on perpendicular lines between geodesic curves and the unconditional extreme value method are discussed.

提出了用测地线方程、曲面上两点间短程线来计算膜结构曲面测地线的方法，同时，采用测地线间垂线的中点连线和用无约束极值法进行空间条状曲面近似展开的分析。