概念论

On the base of Frege's study, Russell put forward the theory of types to settle Russell's paradox. On the base of non-set, Russell brought forward axiom of infinity and axiom of option as the premises and built a system. He tried to defined the non-negative integer in logic terms and derive the theorems of arithmetic from the laws of logic by deductive method.

罗素在弗雷格研究的基础上，提出逻辑类型论来解决罗素悖论，以非集合论理论为基础，以无穷公理和选择公理为前提，利用逻辑概念定义数学概念，并构造系统，通过逻辑演绎法从逻辑公理推导数学定理。

Critics of memetics argue that it is lacking in empirical support or is conceptually ill-founded, and question whether there is hope for the memetic research program succeeding.

批评模因论的人认为，模因论缺乏实证的支持或在概念上缺乏依据，并怀疑模因论研究项目是否有希望获得成功。

Indeed, it is interesting that in more recent works Unger (1984; 1986) has toned down his commitment to infallibilism in favor of a different conception of the skeptical debate which argues that there is nothing to tell between the contextualist reading of our epistemic concepts and what he calls "invariantism," which would license infallibilist conclusions.

事实上，有趣的是，最近 Unger (1984； 1986)减弱了其对不可错论的强调，而更倾向于在怀疑论争论中的另一个想法，是说：在这里没有东西可用以区别'对知道概念做出语境论解读'和'倾向于导致不可错论结论的不变论『invariantism』'。

Based on a discussion of the definitions of paradox, this paper argues that "Logical Paradox" properly defined is actually a pragmatic concept, with which the author illustrates some new ideas about the characteristics and classification of paradoxes.

本文从悖论定义的研讨入手，说明正确界说的"逻辑悖论"实际上是一个语用学概念，据此论述作者关于悖论的特征刻划和类型划分的新认识，阐明明确指认悖论的语用学性质的重要意义，并就马佩先生在以往的学术商榷中提出的几个问题做进一步讨论。

This is especially true of attempts to put the Analects into another language because of the open-endedness and opacity of the text as well as the huge differences in language and culture between China and the West.

由于《论语》文本的开放性、概念的模糊性以及中外语言文化的差异，《论语》英译的诠释性更加突出。20世纪是《论语》翻译和研究的高潮期，出现了大量的英语译本。

II, Polynomial rings on a general field( on contrast of those over a number field): concepts of ring, ideals, field and several special rings as domains, principal ideal domains and unique factorization domains, the unique factorization theory of polynomial rings.

二、一般域上的多项式理论（是数域上多项式理论的推广）：学习环、域和几类特殊结构的环（整环、主理想环，唯一分解环等）的概念，多项式环的唯一分解定理；三、线性代数：讲述一般数域上的向量空间理论（是数域上向量空间理论的继续和推广），模的概念，主理想环上的模的结构及其线性变换的若当标准型等；四、一元多项式的解及域论：学习域扩张及其相关概念，伽罗瓦理论，用伽罗瓦定理判断根式解的存在性。

Futures Studies conceptualized in 1940, from 1960 to 1970 went through the peak of development in Philosophy of Science. The main proponents of Philosophy of Science, such as Positivism, Postpositivism and Critical Realism deeply influenced the futurists' ideas of the time concept in Future Studies. The understanding of time in Philosophy of Science continues the linear time frame of modern physics. Future is happening after the present event. In the field of Futures Studies, people expect futurists to predict futures accurately. When futurists are predicting futures, and mapping possible futures, they employ Holism and Utopian thinking. Karl Propper opposed Historicism of trying to plan a blueprint for society.

中文摘要未来学萌芽於一九四○年代，从一九六○年到一九七○年未来学历经了科学哲学发展的巅峰时期，科学哲学的思想滋养了未来学家的思考，其中实证论、后实证论与批判实在论这三种论点影响了未来学家在时间概念上思考方向，科学哲学对时间概念的理解延续了现代物理时间观上线性式看待时间的方式，未来是当前事件必然发生的结果；在未来学的领域里，成功预测未来是大众对未来学者的期待，当未来学者在预测未来，进行未来规划时，思想中预含了整体主义与乌托邦式的思考，Propper从反对历史定论主义的思想来驳斥建立社会蓝图的可能。

In chapter 1, we introduce the development of module theory and it s applications in the development of algebra,and present conditions of development of prime submodule s,prime radicals,isolated submodules.

本文讨论了环与模范畴中一个重要的子模类—孤立子模的一些性质以及它与强不可约子模等之间的一些联系，并引入了强孤立子模和局部孤立子模的概念，探讨了它们的一系列性质，在第一章中，介绍了模论的发展，模论在代数的发展中所起的重要作用以及素子模，素根和孤立子模的发展现状；在第二章中，给出了与本课题有关的重要概念及其结论。

And Tidermann, as mentioned in the earlier part of this synopsis, was one of the editors of Benjamins colleted works in the German version.

在众多的误读者中，我们选择了三个予以集中批驳，他们是汉娜·阿伦特、格哈德·朔勒姆与罗尔夫·蒂德曼，选择的理由是他们都与本雅明有着非常重要的关系，在本雅明研究界有着决定性的影响：阿伦特是著名的哲学家，也是本雅明的《论历史的概念》的受托人；朔勒姆是本雅明的终生挚友，也曾保管过本雅明在《论历史的概念》中写到的极其有名的画作&新天使&；而蒂德曼前己提及是德文版本雅明全集的编辑者之一。

He has published over fifty articles, including "The Origin of Noun Classifiers in Yi,""Bilabials and Long Vowels in Yynuo Yi,""Semantic Analysis of Plant Nouns in Yynuo Yi,""Semantic Analysis of Yi Color Terms,""Semantic Analysis of Yynuo Yi Animal Nouns,""Semantics: A Focus of Interdisciplinary Research,""Concepts and Types of Bilingual Education,""Bilingual Education in Yi Districts of Liangshan, China,""Reform and Development of Contemporary Education in Liangshan Yi Areas," and "Inheriting and Developing Traditional Education in Minority Areas is the Basis for Reform and Development of Contemporary Education in Minority Areas."

发表有《彝语名量词的起源层次》、《彝语义诺话的撮唇音与长重音》、《彝语义诺话植物名词的语义分析》、《彝语颜色词的语义分析》、《彝语义诺话动物名词的语义分析》、《语义学：多学科研究的焦点》、《双语教育的概念及其分类》、《双语教育研究二题》、《中国凉山彝族地区的双语教育》、《凉山彝族地区现代教育的改革与发展》、《继承和发展少数民族传统教育是发展民族地区现代教育的基础》、《少数民族高等教育的概念、特征及其分类》、《试论少数民族高校的学科建设和专业建设》、《试论少数民族高等教育与少数民族地区社会发展的关系》、《建设世界一流的民族大学、提升中央民族大学的核心竞争力》、《目标、差距与启示——关于建设世界一流民族大学的若干思考》等论文五十余篇。

It has been put forward that there exists single Ball point and double Ball points on the symmetrical connecting-rod curves of equilateral mechanisms.

从鲍尔点的形成原理出发，分析对称连杆曲线上鲍尔点的产生条件，提出等边机构的对称连杆曲线上有单鲍尔点和双鲍尔点。

The factory affiliated to the Group primarily manufactures multiple-purpose pincers, baking kits, knives, scissors, kitchenware, gardening tools and beauty care kits as well as other hardware tools, the annual production value of which reaches US$ 30 million dollars.

集团所属工厂主要生产多用钳、烤具、刀具、剪刀、厨具、花园工具、美容套等五金产品，年生产总值3000万美元，产品价廉物美、选料上乘、质量保证，深受国内外客户的青睐