概念的

To further understand and correctly master the notion of marginal spectrum in Hibert-huang transform, the linear property of marginal spectrum is demonstrated, an mistake to the notion of marginal spectrum in some documents is pointed out, and a new viewpoint about the essential difference between marginal spectrum and Fourier frequency spectrum is put forward by which the amplitude of Fourier frequency spectrum only represents the probability that a frequency objectively exists in a signal while the amplitude of marginal spectrum decides whether a frequency objectively exists in a signal.

为了深入理解和正确掌握希尔伯特－黄变换（Hilbert-Huang Transform，简称HHT）中的边际讲概念，证明了边际谱的线性性质，指出了文献中对边际谱概念的一种误解，提出了边际普与Fourier频谱之间本质区别的一种的新观点，即Fourier频谱的幅值只能反映频率在信号中实际存在的可能性大小，而边际谱的幅值则能真实反映频率在信号中是否存在。

The introduction and employment of the concept of ethnic group opened up a new sphere in the anthropological and ethnological research in China.

族群概念的引入和使用为中国人类学和民族学的研究开辟了一个新天地。族群概念的界定是多义的，有的强调族群的内涵，有的强调族群的边界，有的是两者兼而有之，但简明准确的界定可以概括为"族群是对某些社会文化要素认同，而自觉为我的一种社会实体"。

A variable-step modified Euler time integration method is proposed and analyzed. Four major factors that affect the efficiency of the variable-step modified Euler time integration method are discussed. These include stability and accuracy analysis for the damped fix-step modified Euler integration formula, adjustment method of the fix-step basic integration formula to accommodate step-size changes, suitable range of the step-size selection strategy based on truncation error concept and development of the step-size selection strategy based on apparent frequency concept to satisfied the specified error bound and stability condition.

提出了变步长修正Euler时间积分法，详细讨论了影响变步长修正Euler时间积分算法效率的四个主要因素，它们包括：有阻尼问题的修正Euler法的稳定性和精度分析，调整固定步长的基本积分公式使之容纳步长大小变化的研究，基于截断误差概念的步长大小选择策略适用范围的讨论，同时满足规定误差界和稳定性条件的、基于表观频率概念的步长大小选择策略的建立。

In this paper, a varieties of concepts of compactness of sets and sunsets are introduced in a complex locally convex space, which are respectively the generalizations of the known sunsets and convex sets. By establishing the relationship between restricted p-centers of a set in a complex locally convex space and restricted Chebyshev centers of the corresponding set in the quotient space with respect to ker, characterizations and uniqueness of restricted p-centers of sets in a complex locally convex space are obtained. These results are better than any other known ones when we restrict them in real normed linear spaces and real locally convex space.

本文首先在复局部凸空间中引入了几种紧性及几种太阳集的概念，它们分别是已有紧性和凸集概念的推广；然后通过建立局部凸空间中集的限制p-中心和关于ker的商空间中对应集的限制Chebyshev中心的关系，来研究局部凸空间中集的限制p-中心问题，本文即使是在实赋范空间和在实局部凸空间中所得的结果都分别是有关已知结果的深化和推广。

By introducing the general notion of nonwandering operator semigroup T and utilizing a basic result in normed linear space,the nonwandering property of T=e~ is investigated with the constructive method.

通过给出一般算子半群T的非游荡性概念，利用赋范空间的一个基本结果和直接的构造法证明了具有变系数的线性发展方程的强连续解半群T=etA在适当的条件下是非游荡的；另外，通过对C-半群T概念的引进，定义了一个无界算子半群etA，进一步证明了这二者关于非游荡性的联系；最后给出了一个无界算子半群etP关于非游荡性理论的刻画，其中P是微分多项式。

Futures Studies conceptualized in 1940, from 1960 to 1970 went through the peak of development in Philosophy of Science. The main proponents of Philosophy of Science, such as Positivism, Postpositivism and Critical Realism deeply influenced the futurists' ideas of the time concept in Future Studies. The understanding of time in Philosophy of Science continues the linear time frame of modern physics. Future is happening after the present event. In the field of Futures Studies, people expect futurists to predict futures accurately. When futurists are predicting futures, and mapping possible futures, they employ Holism and Utopian thinking. Karl Propper opposed Historicism of trying to plan a blueprint for society.

中文摘要未来学萌芽於一九四○年代，从一九六○年到一九七○年未来学历经了科学哲学发展的巅峰时期，科学哲学的思想滋养了未来学家的思考，其中实证论、后实证论与批判实在论这三种论点影响了未来学家在时间概念上思考方向，科学哲学对时间概念的理解延续了现代物理时间观上线性式看待时间的方式，未来是当前事件必然发生的结果；在未来学的领域里，成功预测未来是大众对未来学者的期待，当未来学者在预测未来，进行未来规划时，思想中预含了整体主义与乌托邦式的思考，Propper从反对历史定论主义的思想来驳斥建立社会蓝图的可能。

Secondly, relations between the structuralism and physics teaching illustrate that the physics history can play the role of "advanced organizer" in improving the transfer ability. Moreover, the theory of recapitulation of physics announces the inherent similarity between the process of physics research and the process of physics conception learning. According to constructivist learning theories, the dissertation explains the process of students' learning the scientific concepts.

首先论文通过分析比较皮亚杰认知发展论和库恩科学发展论得出教育实践应与科学发展规律保持一致，应重视物理学史在物理教学中的应用，对于不同认知水平的学生和不同类型的知识应采用不同的教学方法：其次从结构主义与物理教学的关系说明物理学史在提高迁移能力上可以扮演"先行组织者"的角色；再次，通过物理文化重演理论揭示人类研究物理学的过程与学生学习物理概念的过程的内在相似性，并根据建构主义学习理论解释学生学习科学概念的过程。

Commencing from the teaching of common chemistry concept, this topic investigated the function of self-explaining in the teaching of chemistry concept, focusing on exploring whether there exists certain correlation between the level of the students" self-explanation and their academic performances, then tested the variety circumstance of level of students" self-explanation and academic performances after carrying out some training on self-explanation capability. Meanwhile, analyses were made on the exaltation degree to which ths students could improve their academic performances after being trained.

本课题从平常的化学概念的教学入手，探索自我解释(self-explaining)在化学概念的教学中的作用，着重探索了自我解释水平与学生学科成绩间是否存在一定的相关性，进而在通过实施一些自我解释能力的训练后测试学生自我解释水平和学科成绩的变化情况，同时对不同学生经过自我解释能力的训练后的学科成绩的提高程度作了分析。

After illustrating the conception pseudo-symplectry ,the evolvement and extension of the conception symplectry and the formation of pseudo-symplectic space ,the nature of pseudo-symplectic space and the inner relationship and differences between pseudo-symplectic space and symplectic space are reflected here.

通过对辛空间的深入分析和研究，从空间中的度量与向量的迷向性问题入手并展开较为详细的讨论，定义"伪辛"的概念，阐述"辛"概念的演变、扩充与伪辛空间生成的事实，进而揭示伪辛空间的本质属性及其与辛空间的内在联系与区别。

In 1993, professor Michael Hammer of MIT and James champy co-author the book of Reengineering the corporation ----- a Manifesto For Business Revolution, put forward the concept of BPR. BPR's central thoughts is to redesign the business process, produces the valuable result, decrease cost, improve the quality, speed and service, finally improve the performance of enterprises from the customers' need taking the business process as reforming objective.

业务流程再造（Business Process Reengineering ――BPR）概念的提出是1993年，美国麻省理工学院迈可·哈默教授与詹姆斯·钱辟合著的《再造公司――企业革命的宣言》（Reengineering The Corporation ――A Manifesto For Business Revolution）一书，其概念的核心含义就是指从顾客的需求出发，以企业流程为改造对象，对企业流程进行根本性的思考和分析，通过对企业流程构成要素的重新组合，以此实现企业业务流程彻底的重新设计，产生出更为有价值的结果，在成本、产品质量、服务和速度等方面获得戏剧化的改善，从而获得企业绩效的巨大改善。

It has been put forward that there exists single Ball point and double Ball points on the symmetrical connecting-rod curves of equilateral mechanisms.

从鲍尔点的形成原理出发，分析对称连杆曲线上鲍尔点的产生条件，提出等边机构的对称连杆曲线上有单鲍尔点和双鲍尔点。

The factory affiliated to the Group primarily manufactures multiple-purpose pincers, baking kits, knives, scissors, kitchenware, gardening tools and beauty care kits as well as other hardware tools, the annual production value of which reaches US$ 30 million dollars.

集团所属工厂主要生产多用钳、烤具、刀具、剪刀、厨具、花园工具、美容套等五金产品，年生产总值3000万美元，产品价廉物美、选料上乘、质量保证，深受国内外客户的青睐