概念地

This thesis is a study of the spatial words carried out within the framework of cognitive linguistics which sees the different senses of a polysemous item are related by means of image schema transformation and metaphorical mapping.

认知语言学对多义现象的解释是：多义词各义项之间存在一定的关联性，一个词以典型意义为中心进行语义扩展，扩展的机制是意象图式转换及隐喻映射。意象图式是在人类最基本的概念—空间概念上形成的，因此采用意象图式对描述空间概念的方位词进行分析，可以更直观地反映出人们对空间方位的认知。

In addition to the responses to the nominalist critique that will be considered at that point, one might add, 'the concept of law' has an advantage over 'the concept of the good', in that there is an identifiable set of practices and institutions to ground our discussions.29 The concept of law cannot easily be accused of being an entirely mysterious entity, made up by metaphysicians in their spare time.30

除了对于唯名论者批判的回应以外，人们可能补充道，"法律的概念"比"善的概念"具有更多的有点，因为它存在可以作为我们讨论基础的可辨识的实践和制度。［29］法律的概念不能被轻易地指责是一个由形而上学主义者在余暇时间所构建的难以理解的实体。

If one considers an article of manufacture as, for example, a book or a paper-knife one sees that it has been made by an artisan who had a conception of it; and he has paid attention, equally, to the conception of a paper-knife and to the pre-existent technique of production which is a part of that conception and is, at bottom, a formula.

如果人们研究一件工业制品——譬如说一本书或者切纸刀——人们就可以了解，制造它的工匠必定先有关于它的概念存乎心中。同样地，他曾对切纸刀的概念以及先于存在的制作技巧加以注意过。这种制作的技巧是那概念的一部分，实际上，也就是定则。

After analyzing the merit and lack of 9I model, the main idea is proposed: to distill some basic topological relations from 9I model, of which the composite topological relations of complex objects are made up. In detail, the composite topological relationships between region and region, line and line, line and region are particularly discussed;(2)Analyze the characteristics and inner relations of cadastral features. According to the expressional model of complex topological relations, the author discovers the possible topological relations between parcels, parcel lines and parcel points. In addition, sum up the general topological relationship rules of cadastral data.(3) Then the topological relations model is extended to the spatio-temporal data. Time in cadastral database and change semantic are discussed. It's redefined that spatio-temporal topological relations is composed of time, location, status and event relation. Spatio-temporal topological relationships can be represented by extended 4I model. Taking cadastral parcels as example, there are different possible spatio-temporal topological relationships between parcels when they are extended, shrunken, split, merged or others. Thus, some deductions are drawn that, for example, if parcels have be coexisting for some time they are impossible to be overlapped. Furthermore, the parents of parcels alternated and their possible change types can be detected by their spatio-temporal topological relationships.(4) Before carrying out the experiment, the calculation method must be designed.

具体研究工作及成果如下：（1）根据点集拓扑理论中与拓扑空间相关的概念，本文对空间的点、线、面进行了重新定义，以区分对象的复杂性；分析了9I模型在表示简单对象方面的优点，以及在表达复杂对象上的不足，阐述了本文的研究思路和解决方案，并以复杂的面面、线线和线面为例详细探讨了复合拓扑关系的表达方法；（2）分析了地籍权属数据和地类数据的内涵、特点和要素之间的联系，根据复杂对象的拓扑关系表达模型，本文讨论了宗地、界址线、界址点之间，图斑、线状地物、零星地类之间可能存在的拓扑关系和形式化表达方法，归纳总结了地籍对象的拓扑关系满足的约束性规则；（3）将拓扑关系的研究延伸到时空领域，从地籍对象的时态性出发，本文阐述了地籍数据中时间的含义和变化语义描述的需要；从时间、位置、状态、事件等之间的拓扑关系方面，重新系统性地进行了时空拓扑关系的定义；研究了一维时间和二维空间的集成表达方式，以宗地、界址线为例，分析了变更前后不同时间区间里可能的拓扑关系，探讨了时空拓扑关系对时空变化操作类型和变化语义的推理方法和意义；（4）为实现空间拓扑关系的查询分析等应用，本文研究了空间拓扑关系的计算方法。

Research shows that the"defence pattern"contains twocategories including the characteristics of Volley-Ball itself and the"concept pattern"of various defence actions and the established"concept Pattern"should be strenghthened in practical training and teaching and stored in the players′memory system.

研究表明：排球防守的"概念模式"的结构，包括排球运动本身的特点、各种防守行为的"概念模式"两方面内容；应将已经建立的防守"概念模式"，在教学和训练中有意识地进行强化，并储存在运动员记忆系统中。

Even as he spoke, diplomats from China, Vietnam, South Africa and Russia were mocking his idea that the "responsibility to protect"(a new concept in global affairs, implying that saving human lives might in some extreme circumstances override sovereignty) could be invoked in the case of Myanmar's cyclone. China noted acidly that the idea had not been cited in 2003 when France suffered a deadly heatwave.

库什内大谈&保护责任&（一个国际事务中的新概念，暗示在某些极端情况下，救人要超越国家主权的界限），这个概念可能会应用于缅甸的风灾，但是中国，越南，南非，俄罗斯的外交官对之嗤之以鼻，中国不怀好意地指出2003年法国遭遇严重的热浪袭击时可并未引用这一概念。

For that this table is extremely useful in the theoretical part of philosophy, and indeed is indispensable as supplying the complete plan of a whole science, so far as that science rests on a - priori concepts, and as dividing it systematically(2) according to P 116 determinate principles, is already evident from the fact that the table contains all the elementary concepts of the understanding in their completeness, nay, even the form of a system of them in the human understanding, and accordingly indicates B110 all the momenta of a projected speculative science, and even their order, as I have elsewhere* shown.

因为这个表在哲学的理论部分极其有用，而且在实际上，由于这表一方面就一种科学是以验前概念为依据而言，能提供全部科学的完整计划，另一方面又按照确定的原理，把这种科学加以系统地[22]划分，所以它又是不可缺少的。这可以从下面这个事实看得明白，即这表不仅包含有知性在其完整性上的一切基本概念，而且更包含着这些基本概念在人类知性里面的一个体系的形式，因而就指出所计划的思辨科学的一切节目，乃至指出这些节目的次序，如我在别处[23]所曾说明的那样。

If we wish to use a concept in a certain way, but are unable to specify the kind of experience-situation to which the concept, used in that way, would apply, then we are not really envisaging any legitimate use of that concept at all.

如果我们希望在一定方式下使用这一概念但是又不能指定出这一概念应用其上的那种经验的情形，那么我们根本就不能真正地去设想那一概念的任何一个合法使用。

This paper investigates into aesthetic implication of Metaphysics via the conception of " Zi Ran", believes that: firstly, from the perspective of the theoretical evolution and development of Metaphysics. The conception of " Zi Ran" was the basic spirit of Lao-zi. Zhuang-zi inherited and furthered the ideal " freedom" embodied in Lao-zi, and poetized the highest value of a free state of mind in the humans ideal existence.

本文从&自然&概念入手研究玄学的美学意蕴，认为：第一，从玄学思想的源流演变来讲，&自然&概念是《老子》哲学的基本精神，而《庄子》则继承和发展了《老子》&自然&概念所蕴含的&自由&理念，诗意地阐发了自由人格在人的理想性存在中的无上价值。

In contrast, the ontological arguments are conceptual in roughly the following sense: just as the propositions constituting the concept of a bachelor imply that every bachelor is male, the propositions constituting the concept of God, according to the ontological argument, imply that God exists.

相反，本体论的争论粗略地是概念的在里面下列感觉：就当组成一个学士的概念的提议暗示每个学士是男性的，根据本体论的争论，组成上帝的概念的提议暗示上帝存在。

Plunder melds and run with this jewel!

掠夺melds和运行与此宝石！

My dream is to be a crazy growing tree and extend at the edge between the city and the forest.

此刻，也许正是在通往天国的路上，我体验着这白色的晕旋。