概念上的

William Littler: Color in music is a difficult concept because it's a 18visual concept.

威廉·利特尔：音乐色彩是一个很难理解的概念，因为它是一个视觉上的概念。

William Littler:Color in music is adifficult concept because it's a18visual concept.

威廉·利特尔：音乐色彩是一个很难理解的概念，因为它是一个视觉上的概念。

Legal conflict caused severe damage to the function and value of the law.

一、法律冲突的概念法律冲突首先是一个法理学上的概念。

In this chapter, three kinds of target recognition methods are performed, which are:①Target recognition method based on the description of polarization parameter plane. The echo polarization states of target are projected onto the polarization state plane described by the ellipticity ε and the tilt angle τ of the polarization ellipse, the change of parameter following ferquency becomes the chart. According to the changing trait of the chart, the multidimensional polarization feature space of target has been contructed. Furthermore, a series of polarization feature parameters used in designing the structure of target recognition device are extracted, and they are insensible to the posture of target.②Target recognition method based on the description of Poincare polarization sphere. The echo polarization states of target expressed by Stokes vector are projected onto the Poincare polarization sphere. The conception of polarization ferquency stability, which is used in describing the dynamic distribution characteristics of the target echo polarization states on Poincare polarization sphere, has been defined. A group of polarization feature parameters used in designing the structure of target recognition device are extracted, and they are insensible to the posture of target.③Target recognition method based on the description of frequency sensitivity. In accordance with the conception of the polarization state distance defined on Poincare polarization sphere, the frequency sensibility of the physical structure property of target has been investigated, the frequency distribution feature curves in PSD domain are obtained, and targets'features are extracted by means of the curve-fitting method with Least Square Criterion.

这章具体研究了基于三种极化散射特性描述的相应的目标识别方法：①基于极化参数平面描述的目标识别方法，将目标回波极化状态投影到以极化椭圆参数，即椭圆率角ε和倾角τ表征的极化状态平面上，参数随观测频率的变化就形成了图，根据图的变化特点构造了目标的多维极化特征空间，并提取了不敏感目标姿态变化的极化特征参数组来设计目标的识别器结构；②基于Poincare极化球面描述的目标识别方法，采用Stokes矢量表征目标回波的极化状态，并将其投影到描述极化状态的Poincare极化球面上，定义了极化频率稳定度的概念用以刻画目标回波极化状态在Poincare极化球面上的动态分布信息，提取了准方位不变性的目标极化特征，最后设计了目标的识别器结构；③基于频率敏感性描述的目标识别方法，通过在Poincare极化球面上所定义的极化状态距离的概念，研究的是复杂目标物理结构特性对探测信号频率的敏感程度问题，获得了在极化状态距离下的频率分布特性曲线，采用最小二乘估计曲线拟合方法，它既用于极化特征的降维，同时又直接将拟合参数作为目标的分类特征。

Futures Studies conceptualized in 1940, from 1960 to 1970 went through the peak of development in Philosophy of Science. The main proponents of Philosophy of Science, such as Positivism, Postpositivism and Critical Realism deeply influenced the futurists' ideas of the time concept in Future Studies. The understanding of time in Philosophy of Science continues the linear time frame of modern physics. Future is happening after the present event. In the field of Futures Studies, people expect futurists to predict futures accurately. When futurists are predicting futures, and mapping possible futures, they employ Holism and Utopian thinking. Karl Propper opposed Historicism of trying to plan a blueprint for society.

中文摘要未来学萌芽於一九四○年代，从一九六○年到一九七○年未来学历经了科学哲学发展的巅峰时期，科学哲学的思想滋养了未来学家的思考，其中实证论、后实证论与批判实在论这三种论点影响了未来学家在时间概念上思考方向，科学哲学对时间概念的理解延续了现代物理时间观上线性式看待时间的方式，未来是当前事件必然发生的结果；在未来学的领域里，成功预测未来是大众对未来学者的期待，当未来学者在预测未来，进行未来规划时，思想中预含了整体主义与乌托邦式的思考，Propper从反对历史定论主义的思想来驳斥建立社会蓝图的可能。

The author mentions the concepts of Klein's "paranoid-schizoid position" and "depressive position", Bion's three "basic assumption groups", Winnicott's "good enough mother" and "transitional object", and how they are applied to the group dynamic and therapeutic process.

作者提到客体关系理论中的主要概念，包括克莱恩的「妄想分裂处境」与「忧郁处境」，比昂的三个「基本假设团体」，以及温尼科特的「足够好的母亲」以及「转换性客体」等，并诠释成员在团体变化过程中的心境，指出运用客体关系理论的概念於团体动力的分析及治疗的原则上时，有其临床上的适用性。

And to do that, says Stephan Kǒrner, is impossible: we can only argue for the uniqueness of a conceptual or doxastic framework on the basis of our own concepts and beliefs.42 Secondly, as Robert Stern puts it, if indispensability is weaker than infallibility in so far as it leaves open the possibility that our belief that p is false, how can p be immune from doubt?

按Kǒrner，在提供对认识论上的怀疑论的回应上，一个'indispensability论证'就不得不指明一个给定的信念是'indispensability'，而不是'仅对我们是indispensability'，这样一来，这是不可能的：我们仅基于我们自己的概念和信念就能支持'概念/信念框架的唯一性'42

For that this table is extremely useful in the theoretical part of philosophy, and indeed is indispensable as supplying the complete plan of a whole science, so far as that science rests on a - priori concepts, and as dividing it systematically(2) according to P 116 determinate principles, is already evident from the fact that the table contains all the elementary concepts of the understanding in their completeness, nay, even the form of a system of them in the human understanding, and accordingly indicates B110 all the momenta of a projected speculative science, and even their order, as I have elsewhere* shown.

因为这个表在哲学的理论部分极其有用，而且在实际上，由于这表一方面就一种科学是以验前概念为依据而言，能提供全部科学的完整计划，另一方面又按照确定的原理，把这种科学加以系统地[22]划分，所以它又是不可缺少的。这可以从下面这个事实看得明白，即这表不仅包含有知性在其完整性上的一切基本概念，而且更包含着这些基本概念在人类知性里面的一个体系的形式，因而就指出所计划的思辨科学的一切节目，乃至指出这些节目的次序，如我在别处[23]所曾说明的那样。

In essentially, ontology is the des cription of the relationships between objective concepts, so the information retrieval technology based on ontology provides knowledge and semantic matching, also, it makes up the bug, and it will be more round and precision than the traditional retrieval technology that based on keywords and database.

本体是对客观概念和概念之间关系的规范和描述，因此基于本体的信息服务检索是基于知识的、语义上的检索，它弥补了传统的基于关键字的检索技术的缺陷，从而在查准率和查全率上有更好的保证。

Based on functional structure cell library, using self-organizing assembly technology gets the functional model in order to accomplish conceptual design. Based on genetic modelon library, using variant design gets technical model in order to accomplish detail design. The design can make the CAD system joined with devisers' thought get entity model, achieve intelligent and automatic design.

在功能结构单元库基础上，运用自组织配合技术完成功能模型的生成，实现零件结构的概念设计；在基因单元图形模板的基础上，运用变型设计和二次开发技术完成功能模型的工艺结构细节设计，实现零件结构的详细设计，使CAD系统能从概念设计师的角度出发，与设计思维很好融合，快速生成零件实体模型，从而实现产品的智能化、自动化设计。

With Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene.

随着死亡的吉他手Schuldiner接受主唱的职务，乐队在现实中树立了重要的影响。

But he could still end up breakfasting on Swiss-government issue muesli because all six are accused of nicking around 45 million pounds they should have paid to FIFA.

不过他最后仍有可能沦为瑞士政府&议事餐桌&上的一道早餐，因为这所有六个人都被指控把本应支付给国际足联的大约4500万英镑骗了个精光。