椎关节

In more recent studies by Masharawi et al.46 andPunjabi et al.,47 the investigators found that the upper lumbar facet joints (T12–L2) were oriented closer to the midsagittal plane of the vertebral body (mean range,26°–34°), whereas the lower facet joints tended to be oriented away from that plane (40°–56°).

近期， Masharawi 和 Punjabi 等人的研究发现，上位小关节（ T12–L2）的趋向更接近椎体的正中矢状面（平均角度26°–34°），而低位腰椎小关节的趋向远离正中矢状面(40°–56°)。

Methods 18 patients with sacroiliac fracture-dislocation were treated with the combined use of Galveston technique and pedicle screw system.

对18例骶髂关节骨折脱位患者应用Galveston技术联合椎弓根钉系统进行骶髂关节复位内固定。

On the morphologic CT scan, the angle and length of the transarticular screw trajectory, the distance between the tip of the screw and the vertebral artery and the sagittal safety angle were measured.

通过CT重建，测量经关节固定螺钉的角度、长度、螺钉尖与椎动脉的距离，并确定经关节螺钉矢状面的安全进钉角度（sagittal safety angle，SSA）。

Objective: To discuss the axial image characters of spondyloschisis from vertebral articulations is the purpose of this article.

目的：探讨腰椎椎弓峡部裂与椎间小关节在横断图像上的影像学特征。

Objective To study the pathogenesis and clinical symptoms of patient with central type of interˉvertebral disc protrusion manifested intermittent claudication as the mainly clinical presentation,so as to reach the early diagnosis and treamtmet in time.Methods In58cases,X-ray film,lumbar discography,CT examinations were done to confirm the diagnosis,then total laminectomig was performed to reveal the vertebal body without involving small arˉticular process.Intervertebral tissue was excised via duralotomy approach in2cases in remaining56cases,through right and left longitudinal syndesmotomy to resect the nucleus pulposus of lumber intervertebral disc.Results In58cases treated by operation,the operative findings were in according with the X-ray and CT examinations ofpre-opˉeration.

目的 对呈间歇性跛行主要临床表现的中央型椎间盘突出症患者的发病机制和临床表现进行研究，达到早诊断、早治疗方法对58例患者进行X线拍片，腰椎碘造影，CT扫描检查，根据检查结果确诊后，采用全椎板切除显露椎体，未累及小关节突，2例经硬膜切开入路切除间盘组织，余56例经从双侧用神经剥离子带棉片将硬脊膜带神经根向中线剥拉至显露圆形突出物止，分别从左右纵韧带摘除髓核。

Methods In58cases,X-ray film,lumbar discography,CT examinations were done to confirm the diagnosis,then total laminectomig was performed to reveal the vertebal body without involving small arˉticular process.Intervertebral tissue was excised via duralotomy approach in2cases in remaining56cases,through right and left longitudinal syndesmotomy to resect the nucleus pulposus of lumber intervertebral disc.Results In58cases treated by operation,the operative findings were in according with the X-ray and CT examinations ofpre-opˉeration.

对58例患者进行X线拍片，腰椎碘造影，CT扫描检查，根据检查结果确诊后，采用全椎板切除显露椎体，未累及小关节突，2例经硬膜切开入路切除间盘组织，余56例经从双侧用神经剥离子带棉片将硬脊膜带神经根向中线剥拉至显露圆形突出物止，分别从左右纵韧带摘除髓核。

When the spine is focally kyphotic, particularly when there is a fixed kyphosis, or in the presence of anterior compression from a disc protrusion or spondylotic bar at 1 or 2 segments, an anterior surgical decompression (vertebrectomy or multiple discectomies) is indicated.19 Fusion and stabilization by means of an anterior strut and plate is also supported.27

当颈椎处于明显的后凸，尤其是僵硬性后凸，或者颈髓压迫来自前方的1到2个节段的突出椎间盘或椎间关节时，经过前方入路进行减压（椎体切除或多节段椎间盘切除）是合适的。融合固定的方法包括前方支撑和钉板系统固定。

Methods: Thirty-five sets of normal adult dry cervical vertebrae and 100 sets of X-ray and CT films were measured, including pedicle width, height, length, projection, pedicle-body angle, lateral mass width, height, thickness, the distance and angle between the central point on the back wall of the lateral mass and the foramina transverse foramen, the supra articular process-body angle.

对35套正常成人颈椎干燥骨标本以及100套X线片和CT片进行测量，包括椎弓根宽度、高度、长度、投影点位置、与椎体的夹角、侧块宽度、高度、厚度、后壁中心点与横突孔的距离和夹角、上关节突的倾角等。

Neurology also influences the surgical approach when there is cord compression from a vertebral body fracture, anterior traumatic disc protrusion, or a facet fragment causing foraminal root compression.

当脊髓压迫来自骨折的椎体，前方破裂突出的椎间盘，或关节突的骨折片引起椎间孔的神经根受压时，神经状态同样能影响手术入路。

The changes of contact stress on the facet joint, maximum slip displacement of the implants on the endplate, and rotational angle of the upper vertebra were investigated under different loading conditions.

计算植入不同椎间融合器在不同负载情况下，对小面关节应力、植入物与终板界面滑动距离与上椎体旋转角度的影响。

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。