椎关节

Each of eight adult fresh cadaver specimen of lumbarsacral segmcnts was analyzed in four states: intact, L5S1 ALIF, L5S1 ALIF fixed with pedicle screw or fixed with translaminar facets screw, test and compare its range of motion in flexion, extension, lateral bending and axial rotation.

方法］ 采用新鲜腰椎标本8具，分别于完整状态、L5S1，前路植以Cage、L5S1，前路Cage分别行椎弓根钉固定及经椎板关节突螺钉固定下，测定前屈、后伸、侧弯及扭转运动下运动范围并进行比较。

Methods The location,degree and angle of inclination of lumbar facet joint s were measured in 125 cases with 131 spondylolisthesis.

方法对 12 5例 131个滑椎的滑脱部位、程度及滑椎小关节面倾斜角进行测定。

Results MPR and SSD techniques can acquire lots of important information:(1)rule out the diagnosis of fracture and dislocation and its type can be patient has been injured so badly that cannot take X-ray examination.(2)detect the secret fracture and missing fracture in X-ray examination because of overlap.(3)diagnose the missing transverse fracture in routine CT scan.(4)diagnose the atlantoaxial joint luxation without fracture.

结果 MSCT扫描MPR、SSD技术在寰枢椎外伤中可：(1)对于外伤后病情不适合拍平片者，MSCT能快速、准确地明确骨折、脱位的有无及其类型；(2)MSCT轴位扫描结合MPR能排除因平片结构重叠漏诊的骨折以及平片不易发现的隐匿骨折；(3)MPR对椎体发生的常规轴位扫描易漏诊的水平型骨折线能明确诊断；(4)对于没有骨折的寰枢关节半脱位能提供可靠的依据。

Results MPR and SSD techniques can acquire lots of important information:(1)rule out the diagnosis of fracture and dislocation and its type can be when patient has been injured so badly that cannot take X-ray examination.(2)detect the secret fracture and missing fracture in X-ray examination because of overlap.(3)diagnose the missing transverse fracture in routine CT scan.(4)diagnose the atlantoaxial joint luxation without fracture.

结果 MSCT扫描MPR、SSD技术在寰枢椎外伤中可：(1)对于外伤后病情不适合拍平片者，MSCT能快速、准确地明确骨折、脱位的有无及其类型；(2)MSCT轴位扫描结合MPR能排除因平片结构重叠漏诊的骨折以及平片不易发现的隐匿骨折；(3)MPR对椎体发生的常规轴位扫描易漏诊的水平型骨折线能明确诊断；(4)对于没有骨折的寰枢关节半脱位能提供可靠的依据。

Results MPR and SSD techniques can acquire lots of important information摘要:(1)rule out the diagnosis of fracture and dislocation and its type can be when patient has been injured so badly that cannot take X-ray examination.(2)detect the secret fracture and missing fracture in X-ray examination because of overlap.(3)diagnose the missing transverse fracture in routine CT scan.(4)diagnose the atlantoaxial joint luxation without fracture.

结果 MSCT扫描MPR、SSD技术在寰枢椎外伤中可摘要：(1)对于外伤后病情不适合拍平片者，MSCT能快速、准确地明确骨折、脱位的有无及其类型；(2)MSCT轴位扫描结合MPR能排除因平片结构重叠漏诊的骨折以及平片不易发现的隐匿骨折；(3)MPR对椎体发生的常规轴位扫描易漏诊的水平型骨折线能明确诊断；(4)对于没有骨折的寰枢关节半脱位能提供可靠的依据。

Results MPR and SSD techniques can acquire lots of important information:（1）rule out the diagnosis of frac-ture and dislocation and its type can be when patient has been injured so badly that cannot take X-ray examination.（2）detect the secret fracture and missing fracture in X-ray examination because of overlap.（3）diagnose the missing transverse fracture in routine CT scan.（4）diagnose the atlantoaxial joint luxation without fracture.

结果 MSCT扫描MPR、SSD技术在寰枢椎外伤中可：（1）对于外伤后病情不适合拍平片者，MSCT能快速、准确地明确骨折、脱位的有无及其类型；（2）MSCT轴位扫描结合MPR能排除因平片结构重叠漏诊的骨折以及平片不易发现的隐匿骨折；（3）MPR对椎体发生的常规轴位扫描易漏诊的水平型骨折线能明确诊断；（4）对于没有骨折的寰枢关节半脱位能提供可靠的依据。

They found that the joint moments measured at any given motion increased with greater magnitudes of joint displacement, and were significantly larger in the two most caudad facet joints (L4 L5 and L5 S1).62 With lateral bending, strains of the joint capsule tended to be larger in magnitude in the three most caudad joints(L3 S1) during contralateral flexion (i.e., the left facet joints are most strained during right lateral flexion),whereas the two most cephalad joints (L1 L2 and L2 L3)bore the greatest strain during bending to the ipsilateral side.

当向对侧弯曲时侧弯时最尾端(L3 S1)的三个椎体的小关节囊的拉伸强度增大（例如右侧屈曲时左侧小关节达到最大的应力）。而头端的两个关节(L1 L2 和L2 L3)在向同侧屈曲运动时拉伸力量最大。

In addition to two l-z joints, the medial branches also innervate the multifidus muscle, the interspinous muscle and ligament, and the periosteum of the neural arch.7,28–30 The L5 nerve differs in that it is the dorsal ramus itself that runs along the junction of the sacral ala and superior articular process of the sacrum.29,31 Its medial branch arises opposite the inferolateral corner of the base of the lowest facet joint.

除了l-z关节以外，内侧支还支配多裂肌，棘间肌和韧带以及椎弓处的骨膜。L5神经有所不同，其背侧支本身走行于髂骨翼和髂骨的上关节突。其内侧支在最低关节囊的基底部下外侧角的对面发出。

RESULTS:①The myelography and CTM revealed that factors contributing to DLSS included not only zygapophysial joint hyperplasy, hypertrophic ligamentum flavum and intervertebral disc protrution which resulted in degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis, but also zygapophysial joint semiluxation and pedicle shift.

结果：①脊髓造影与CT脊髓造影的表现：DLSS对硬膜囊或神经根的压迫较退行性腰椎管狭窄症复杂，除与关节突肥大增生、黄韧带肥厚、椎间盘退变突出有关外，还与关节突关节半脱位、椎弓根移位压迫神经根等因素有关。

Group 1 with fixation of facet joint screw had a significant increase in stiffness for extension, bilaleral bending, and colockwise rotation.

经侧后方斜向植入的单枚椎间融合器加上小关节突螺丝钉内固定融合术，在提供充分椎管减压的同时，具有损伤小、脊柱后部稳定性好、术中对马尾及神经根牵拉轻的优点，可以比较理想地取代后路双枚融合器椎间融合术。

However, as the name（read－only memory）implies, CD disks cannot be written onorchanged in any way.

然而，正如其名字所指出的那样，CD盘不能写，也不能用任何方式改变其内容。

Galvanizes steel pallet is mainly export which suits standard packing of European Union, the North America. galvanizes steel pallet is suitable to heavy rack. Pallet surface can design plate type, corrugated and the gap form, satisfies the different requirements.

镀锌钢托盘多用于出口，替代木托盘，免薰蒸，符合欧盟、北美各国对出口货物包装材料的法令要求；喷涂钢托盘适用于重载上货架之用，托盘表面根据需要制作成平板状、波纹状及间隔形式，满足不同的使用要求。