植物学

Plant introduction and acclimatization is a branch of botany,close to exsitu and local economic construction and belongs to the basic uses research area.

植物引种驯化是植物学的一个分支学科，该学科与植物的迁地保护和当地的经济建设紧密相关，属于应用基础研究的范畴。

Student need master theory andtechnique of botany, plant taxology, plant physiology, plant ecology, agrology, plant nutrition and fertilizer, agriculture aerography, forage and feed breeding, livestock thremmatology, statistics and so on.

在此基础上，尚需掌握植物学、植物分类学、植物生理学、植物生态学、土壤学、植物营养与肥料学、农业气象学、杂草与病虫害防治学、牧草饲料作物遗传育种学、家畜饲养学、田间试验设计与数理统计分析等学科的理论和技术。

One's pupils or disciples of the wild apple that this system includes Xinjiang, wild apricot, feral cherry, feral Europe plum, the feral fruiter resource such as wild walnut distributings, the data content such as botanical feature and agrobiology feature.

本系统包括新疆的野苹果、野杏、野生樱桃李、野生欧洲李、野核桃等野生果树资源分布、植物学特征和农业生物学特征等数据内容。

Research on monomial resources is generally interdisciplinary study or derived fromrelated sciences such as agrology, zoology and botany, geology, hydrology and climatology, geography, environmentalsciences, economics, national land economics, ecology, ergonomics and so forth.

单项自然资源研究各自从有关学科派生出来或与一些学科有着密切的相互联系和交叉，如：土壤学、动、植物学、地质学、水文和气候学、地理学、环境科学、经济学、国土经济学、生态学、人类生态学等。

During the postgenomics era the information about genomic sequence and gene functions provides a new foundation for evolutionary biology and ecology As the first whole-genome sequenced plant Arabidopsis thaliana and its wild relatives have played a critical role in understanding the evolution of genomics and speciation Both A halleri and A lyrata are closely related to the model species A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera occurs in northeastern China Japan and Taiwan; while its sister A halleri ssp halleri is mainly distributed in Europe Geographical barriers such as Tienshan Mountain Range isolate these intraspecific sisters Likewise A lyrata ssp kamchatica and ssp lyrata occur in East Asia and North America respectively Such distribution patterns seem to be consistent with allopartic speciation The comparison between ancestral and extant polymorphism by multilocus can be informative about the population genetics of speciation In this study we collected and analyzed DNA sequences of 98 genes from four wild relatives of A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera A halleri ssp halleri A lyrata ssp kamchatica and A lyrata ssp lyrata The ancestral states of these four species were compared to each other in terms of level of genetic variation However the ancestral species at the time of speciation were substantially more polymorphic than the extant geographical populations The observations are not fully compatible with speciation by strict allopatry At some species pairs parapatric speciation seems more reasonable in speciation of Arabidopsis The 98 gene sequences are also used for the congruence test between gene genealogy and species phylogeny Only 28 genes support the species phylogeny but there are 23 genes supports another major genealogy { lyrata} thaliana Based on the phylogenetic position change of A lyrata ssp kamchatica and Ks value for each species pair suggested the recent directional gene flow between A halleri ssp gemmifera and A lyrata ssp kamchatica

阿拉伯芥是第一个完成基因体定序的开花植物，其基因体资讯提供植物学研究的重要依据；在解析阿拉伯芥属物种的亲缘关系以及种化机制等重要的演化议题时，阿拉伯芥近缘的野生物种自然成了不可或缺的关键；跟阿拉伯芥近缘的物种包括A halleri及A lyrata，其中A halleri ssp gemmifera主要分布於中国东北、日本以及台湾，与近缘的A halleri ssp halleri其分布於欧洲隔著天山及大陆的障蔽，而A lyrata ssp kamchatica主要分布於东北亚及台湾，与分布於北美五大湖的A lyrata ssp lyrata被北极圈所分隔，这样的分布模式暗示异域种化的可能。藉由多基因分析比较祖先物种与现生物种遗传歧异度的相关可提供讯息探讨种化时期的族群遗传结构，本研究针对A halleri ssp gemmifera、A halleri ssp halleri及A lyrata ssp kamchatica、A lyrata ssp lyrata四个物种，两对互为亚种的姊妹群，以阿拉伯芥为外群进行研究，在四个物种完成98个同源基因的分子序列，利用套装软体MCMCcoal来估算祖先物种的遗传变异，亦估算现生物种的核苷酸歧异度，观察到？多物种配对中祖先物种遗传多型性大於现生物种DNA歧异度，显示异域种化模型并无法完全解释阿拉伯芥属物种的种化模式，在某些物种配对间邻域种化模式应比异域种化更为可能；在基因树与物种树的比较，98个基因片段的亲缘模式只有28个是与已知物种树一致的，有23个基因其树状图支持{ lyrata} thaliana的型式，藉由kamchatica位置的变化以及估算各物种配对间的平均同义置换率，推测在A halleri ssp gemmifera与A lyrata ssp kamchatica间具有近代的单方向基因交流。

First of all, it presents numerous links to some useful website around the world such as Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases, Michael Tims' Medicinal Plant Database Page, etc. Then it introduces the courses which are divided into Introductory Botany, Phytochemicals, Formulations and Generally Recognized as Safe Botanicals and so on. It particularly introduces Chinese herb in its cources.

首先介绍了世界上众多有用网址的链接，如植物化学和民族植物学数据库、迈克尔·；提姆斯的药用植物数据库等，课程分为植物学引言、植物化学物质、分子式和经一般安全认证的植物产物等，其中还特别提到了中草药。

Morifolium is different in some botanic characters:"Hongxinju" was higher than other cultivars on height of plant, length of lamina, diameter of stem and agricultural character;"Xiaobaiju" is the best on the ramification and the quantity of capitulum on individual plant;"Dabaiju" is the most on the quantity and layer number of ligulate flower;"Changbanju" is me longest on the capitulum diameter and corolla of ligulate flower.2, The plant height, rate of dried material accumulate and chlorophyll content of four medicinal C.

本研究采用比较分析的方法，于2001年和2002年在同一栽培条件下，对江苏省射阳县多年栽培的药用白菊花种内分化的4个主要药用白菊花栽培类型，进行植物学形态、内在质量、苗期耐盐性、产量性状等方面进行了比较系统的研究，结果如下： 1、4个主要药用白菊花栽培类型在植物学性状方面存在一定的差异；红心菊株高最高，茎杆较粗，叶片最大，农艺性状较好；小白菊每株头状花序数最多，小白菊分枝性好；大白菊舌状花层数、数目最多；长瓣菊花序直径最大，舌状花花冠最长。

The collections are botanical collection, geologic collection, paleobotanical collection, and zoological collection.

收藏植物学、地质学、古植物学和动物学等收藏品。

To them, botany, as such, has no name and is probably not even recognized as a special branch of "knowledge"at all.

对他们来说，植物学没有专门的名称，对他们来说，植物学没有专门的名称，甚至可能根本未被认为是一种专门知识。

Yet everyone comes unconsciously on an amazing amount of botanical knowledge, and few people will fail to recognize a rose, an apple, or an orchid.

远，我们的植物学知识的增加也就越微不足道。然而每个人在不知不觉中拥有大量的植物学知识，很少有人认不出玫瑰、苹果或兰花。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。