森林的

Based on the Sino-US Forest Health Cooperation Program, along with review on lots of foreign and domestic literatures, the historical trends of attributes of forest and the concept of health in the modern society are discussed and the concept of forest health is redefined, combining the methods of logic discursion with demonstration analysis, qualitative analysis with quantitative analysis and the ecology with other related science from point view of macro and middle scope aspects.

本研究依托中美森林健康试验示范区建设，结合大量的国内外文献分析，从中观和宏观角度，采用逻辑推理与实证分析、定性分析与定量分析、生态学和其他学科相结合等方法，讨论了森林属性的历史演变和现代健康观，对森林健康进行了重新的定义，首次尝试建立了基于中国林情的森林健康基本理论体系，构建了森林健康的评价方法，结合文献研究对城市森林、农田防护林、马尾松林、笋用雷竹林的健康评价进行了理论验证，并通过江西信丰崇墩沟流域森林健康评价进行了案例分析。

Undesirable structure and tree species simpleness etc are main problem in existing urban forest, influence urban forest effective exert its zoological function(2) urban forest landscape indexes show: urban forest fragment increased form 1985 to 1995, and decreased form 1995 to 2007, but as a whole, Beijing urban forest fragment is degressive, especially woodland and spinney land.

2在研究时段内北京市城市森林景观指数变化明显，从1985-1995年间破碎化程度增加，而1995-2007年间下降，1985-2007年总体呈下降趋势，其中有林地和灌木林两种主要城市森林用地类型的变化剧烈；城市森林尤其是有林地用地受到人为干扰影响强烈，斑块日益简单化，主要类型城市森林间相互转化现象严重，说明北京市城市森林在研究时段内发生了很大变化。

On the basis of it, eight suggestions are put forward to evaluate the forestry ecological benefits:(1) it is an inevitable trend to carry out the comprehensive evaluation of the multifold forest ecological benefits;(2) upbuilding the theoretical frame of ecological benefits according to the situation of our country;(3) conducting the subarea case research based on the way of creativity accountment;(4) to set up the locating monitoring system of subarea forestry ecology profits to provide the reliable reference for the research;(5) studying the measuring estimate index more comprehensively to make it more self_contained and self_governed;(6) establishing the standards of the forest ecological benefit evaluation so that the evaluation could provide rational evidence for the establishment of the forestry compensation law and so on;(7) upbuilding economic accountment system of forest ecological benefits;(8) establishing economic compensation system of forest ecological benefits.

并且在此基础上提出了对今后森林生态效益评价研究的八点建议：(1)进行森林多种生态效益的综合评价是今后发展的必然趋势；(2)从国情出发建立我国森林生态效益评价理论框架；(3)在创新核算方法的基础上开展分区案例研究；(4)建立区域性森林生态效益定位监测系统，为研究提供真实可靠的数据资料；(5)更全面地研究生态效益计量评价指标，使之既具完备性又具独立性；(6)建立森林生态效益评价标准，使评价结果能为林业补偿等法律政策制定提供科学的依据；(7)建立森林生态效益经济核算制度；(8)建立森林生态效益的经济补偿制度。

But on account of excessive cut since 1949, forest resources cutdown sharply, bring a series of problem, for instance, forest productivity decrease, forest habitat fragmentation, agrestic species become extinct at a high speed, environmental quality decline, this paper discussed forest resources change in Heilongjing Province from statistical change feature of forest resources and forest landscape pattern change, using model of GM(1,1) to predict the development trend of forest resources here.

但由于半个多世纪的过量采伐，致使森林资源锐减，带来了森林生产力下降、森林生境破碎化、乡土物种加速灭绝和环境质量下降等一系列问题。本文从森林资源统计变化特征、森林景观格局变化两个方面对黑龙江省森林资源的变化进行了研究，并用灰色理论的GM(1，1)模型对该省森林资源未来的发展进行了预测。

What's more special, this wonderful view is accompanied by meandrous streams, underground water, subterranean flow, springs, waterfalls, deep pools and caverns, which form the marvelous water labyrinth, underground dragon palace, and forest on water and doline, in troughs and valleys and a series of rare scenes.

更为特别的是，以上景观与明流暗河、地下河出口、地下河天窗、上升泉、下降泉、瀑布、深潭、溶洞等地貌景观交织在一起，形成独特的水上迷宫，水上森林，地下龙宫，漏斗森林，洼地森林，盆地森林，槽谷森林等一系列罕见景观

Based on the concept and the theory of forest park and forest tourism, development advantages of Hanzhong forest park were identified as follows: i through the past several years'development, forest tourism products were getting so abundant gradually that a fundamental scale was formed, with three national forest parks as well as three province parks founded; ii the idea of"tourism stimulation"was determined as the development strategy in the province since forest tourism played an increasingly significant part in the development of Hanzhong economy and society; iii geo-topographically, forest park in Hanzhong not only possess similar precipitous view of Qinling, but also equally splendid scenery of Bashan; iv hydrologically, the landscape had a lasting appeal as that in south China to some extend; v the forest located in the best site of the same latitude; vi with the opening of Xihan expressway, access to Hanzhong was upgraded prominently, which made the park a garden of Xi'an and a resort for many citizens.

本文从森林公园及森林旅游的概念及相关理论入手，提出了汉中森林公园和森林旅游的发展优势，即：1、通过多年发展，森林旅游产品日益丰富，初具规模，现有国家级3家，省级3家；2、&旅游活市&被汉中市委、市政府确定为发展战略，在汉中经济社会中的重要地位进一步提升；3、从地貌景观上看兼具秦岭的险峻与巴山的锦绣；4、水文上看，颇具江南山水韵味；5、森林植被处于同纬度最好的地区；6、西汉高速公路开通，汉中交通能级大幅提升，成为西安后花园和区域性休闲旅游地，给森林旅游带来无限生机。

On the ecosystem health, definitions from utilization and ecosystem views are introduced, the contents and difficulties in assessing it are discussed. On the biodiversity enhancement, the relationship between forest structural complexity and forest biodiversity are discussed, the significance of old growth structure are highlighted, and measures of changing forest structure to promote forest biodiversity are put forward. On the landscape planning in forest management, some patterns, theoretical foundations and models are introduced, especially three conceptual models, i.e., key habitat\|corridors model, nature landscape model, and supportive features model. On the alternative silvicultural systems, reasons for developing alternative silvicultural system by mimic of nature disturbance are discussed, and some advanced techniques and their ecological basis are noted. Finally, on the ecosystem service, its contents and importance of assessment are illustrated.

关于森林生态系统健康，讨论了不同角度对生态系统健康的定义和不同层次上的生态系统健康的内容及评价生态系统健康的困难所在；②关于森林生物多样性，探讨了森林结构复杂性与生物多样性的关系，老龄林结构对森林生态系统的意义和作用，以及如何通过经营调整结构促进生物多样性；③关于森林经营的景观规划，描述了进行景观规划的途径、理论和模型，并对三种概念模型进行了介绍；④关于森林经营的替代技术体系，介绍了模拟自然干扰设计替代技术体系的原理，分析了替代经营技术体系产生的原因和有关最新技术研究进展；⑤关于森林生态系统服务，讨论了生态系统服务的基本内容和评价在森林生态系统管理中的重要意义。

The setting-up of the information management system of forest resource, the information quantizes and make a reservation after realizing it under the environment of Internet for HuoDiTang forest farm"s freest resource management and the forest farm area. The ones that and realized to Nathan"s woods resource information of forest zone upgrade in real time, trends monitored and appraise.And realize for this regional forest resource management that the sustainable development of the forest offers basic data and scientific basis. Improve the systematic whole ization degree of resources - economy - society. Finally for realizing forest reserves serve by the democratization and scientific izations of administrative decision.

森林资源信息管理系统的建立，实现了在互联网环境下对火地塘林场的森林资源管理及对林场区域内的森林资源信息量化和定位；并实现对林区内森林资源信息的实时更新、动态监测和评价，为这一区域森林资源管理和实现森林可持续发展提供基础数据和科学依据，提高资源—经济—社会系统的整体化程度，最终为实现森林资源管理决策的民主化和科学化服务。

From 6860 to 3170 cal.yr BP,semi-desert steppeexpanded,regional montane forest steppe retreated,suggesting a prolonged warm and dryclimate.Between 3170 and 2340 cal.yr BP,regional forest steppe expanded whereassemi-desert steppe retreated,indicating the climate became cool and wet gradually and thehumidity reached the maximum at the end of this stage.During 2340～1600 cal.yr BP,Poaceae steppe dominated whereas wetland meadow expanded and the montane forest stepperetreated,suggesting a cool and wet climate prevailed,wormwood grass steppe prevailed andthe climatic instability increased after 1600 cal.a BEThe climate and environmental reconstructions by pollen were supported by the diatomrecords.A relative high lake level and moister climate prevailed between 8660 and 7230 cal.yr BP as inferred by the dominance of planktonic diatom genera and high planktonic/benthicratio (〉40).low lake level and dry climate sustained during 7230～2330 cal.yr BP assuggested by the low abundance of planktonic diatom and low planktonic/benthic ratio ～20and the lake returned to high level during 2330～930 cal.yr BP as inferred by there-dominance of the planktonic diatom and the high value of palnktonic/benthic ratio.The pollen-based climate reconstruction was also consolidated by the grain size andPediastrum concentration records.

Ugii Nuur湖周围现代孢粉研究表明：松属为空气传播的外来花粉，其含量变化可能指示了远山森林草原发育状况；禾本科具显著低代表性，母体植物建群时含量通常在10％以下：藜科花粉含量可以指示区域气候干旱程度。2、以现代孢粉研究为基础、可靠AMS~(14)C年代为框架，Ugii Nuur孢粉记录高分辨率地重建了蒙古国中部地区过去8660 cal.yr BP以来的植被和气候变化。8660～7800 cal.yr BP研究区植被为禾草草原，湖畔及河谷低地发育苔草草甸，远山发育松属针叶林和森林草原，气候温和略湿润；其中8350～8250 cal.yr BP湿生草甸扩张，旱生植物成分减少，气候凉湿。7800～6860 cal.yr BP旱生成分增加，气候转向暖干。6860～3170 cal.yrBP半荒漠草原扩张，远山森林草原退缩，山地草原和河谷及湖畔湿生草甸退缩，气候持续暖干。3170～2340 cal.yr BP半荒漠草原退缩，远山森林草原扩张，气候转凉变湿，末期湿度条件达最佳。2340～1600 cal.yr BP禾草草原发育，湖畔及河谷低地湿生草甸扩张，远山森林草原略有退缩，气候总体较凉湿。1600 cal.yr BP以来研究区发育禾草-冷蒿草原，气候波动较大。

This paper suggests that the carrier of forest carrying capacity is"forest", instead of"forest resources", and the object carried is "human activity", instead of"population quantity".

2系统地建立了森林承载力的概念体系，提出并界定了&现实森林承载力&、&森林极限承载力&、&森林承载量&、&森林承载指数&的概念，这在森林承载力的研究中为首创。

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。