森林

Undesirable structure and tree species simpleness etc are main problem in existing urban forest, influence urban forest effective exert its zoological function(2) urban forest landscape indexes show: urban forest fragment increased form 1985 to 1995, and decreased form 1995 to 2007, but as a whole, Beijing urban forest fragment is degressive, especially woodland and spinney land.

2在研究时段内北京市城市森林景观指数变化明显，从1985-1995年间破碎化程度增加，而1995-2007年间下降，1985-2007年总体呈下降趋势，其中有林地和灌木林两种主要城市森林用地类型的变化剧烈；城市森林尤其是有林地用地受到人为干扰影响强烈，斑块日益简单化，主要类型城市森林间相互转化现象严重，说明北京市城市森林在研究时段内发生了很大变化。

By collecting and treating the natural, social and economic conditions as well as other related information based on RS, GIS and other integrated technology. Analyzing the variance and division status of forest productivity, division of forest site, available quantities and natural quality of forest resources in Minjiang watershed. On the above researches, the evaluation was launched to the utilization suitability and adjusting of forest resources, which provided the stagy and technology about reasonably utilizing the forest resources in Minjiang watershed.

本文主要借助遥感和地理信息系统及其它集成技术，收集并处理闽江流域自然条件和社会经济状况以及相关资料信息，对福建省闽江流域森林生产力空间分异及分区状况、森林立地类型的划分、森林资源的可利用数量、自然品质等方面进行专题分析研究，在此基础上对闽江流域森林资源利用的适宜度进行评价和调整，为闽江流域森林资源合理利用提供决策和技术支持。

Protecting forest biodiversity is one standard of sustainable forest management, and it is an advanced subject to develop forest biodiversity index system based on forest management unit level and its assessment method in the study of SFM at home and abroad.

保护森林生物多样性是森林可持续经营的主要标准，研建森林经营单位级的森林生物多样性指标体系及评价方法是国内外森林可持续经营研究及实践的前沿课题。

What's more special, this wonderful view is accompanied by meandrous streams, underground water, subterranean flow, springs, waterfalls, deep pools and caverns, which form the marvelous water labyrinth, underground dragon palace, and forest on water and doline, in troughs and valleys and a series of rare scenes.

更为特别的是，以上景观与明流暗河、地下河出口、地下河天窗、上升泉、下降泉、瀑布、深潭、溶洞等地貌景观交织在一起，形成独特的水上迷宫，水上森林，地下龙宫，漏斗森林，洼地森林，盆地森林，槽谷森林等一系列罕见景观

Its strength is far greater than any other sudden natural disaster of the world to the foresty . so it is very necessary to found a reasonable legal system to restrain forest harvesting.with the development of our country' economy from planned economy to the market, the forestry management is also gradually changing from traditional to modern.

森林采伐是林业生产和森林经营活动的重要组成部分和基础性工作，人类通过采伐活动对森林的作用是长期的、大规模和渐进的，其作用强度远远大于任何一种突发性自然灾害对森林的影响，因而有必要通过法律制度对森林采伐行为加以限制。

Its impaction is gradual, long-term and large-scale. Its strength is far greater than any other sudden natural disaster of the world to the foresty . So it is very necessary to found a reasonable legal system to restrain forest harvesting.With the development of our country' economy from planned economy to the market, the forestry management is also gradually changing from traditional to modern.

森林采伐是林业生产和森林经营活动的重要组成部分和基础性工作，人类通过采伐活动对森林的作用是长期的、大规模和渐进的，其作用强度远远大于任何一种突发性自然灾害对森林的影响，因而有必要通过法律制度对森林采伐行为加以限制。

Arriving at scores of every forest park and the sort of landscape environmental quality of every Forest Park, pointed out the problem that existed in landscape construction and raised constructive comment for futural task of landscape construction.

分别得出了各森林公园在景色质量、视觉吸收力和景观敏感水平三个方面的评价得分，并且采用景观质量分数这一概念来衡量各森林公园的综合景观环境质量，得出了各森林公园的景观环境质量等级，并指出了各森林公园景观建设中存在的问题，为森林公园的开发建设提供了科学的依据。

From intergrating model the general forest ecological economic structure classified by equal interval analysis spatial heterogenicity of the forest ecological benefit economic structure to create money gross of GIS spatial graphic distribution and statistics histogram, described the ecological benefit, and dynamics analyse the forest ecological benefits in last ninty years.

从广义森林生态效益经济结构汇总模型出发、按等间隔的分类标准作出森林生态效益货币总量的GIS空间分布图及其统计直方图，进行森林生态效益经济结构的空间异质性分析，划分黑龙江省森林生态效益的主产区，进行了森林生态效益的跨度近90年的动态分析。

Although forest insects and pathogens cause various detriments,they also make positive contributions to forest succession,material cycling and energy flow,a food source,creating wildlife habitat,etc.,and further,in an ecosystem perspective their contributions are critical to forest biodiversity,soil fertility and long-term forest health and sustainability,so forest managers must consider both the detrimental and beneficial functions of insects and pathogens.

森林昆虫和病原物虽然能引起林木损伤与死亡，但它们在森林演替、物质循环和能量流动、食物来源、创造野生动物生境等方面都作出了积极的贡献，而且在一个生态系统发展前景中，对于森林生物多样性、土壤肥力、森林的长时期健康和稳定性等方面，它们的促成作用也是必不可少的。因此，森林经营者应当考虑昆虫和病原物的害与益的两方面作用。

From 6860 to 3170 cal.yr BP,semi-desert steppeexpanded,regional montane forest steppe retreated,suggesting a prolonged warm and dryclimate.Between 3170 and 2340 cal.yr BP,regional forest steppe expanded whereassemi-desert steppe retreated,indicating the climate became cool and wet gradually and thehumidity reached the maximum at the end of this stage.During 2340～1600 cal.yr BP,Poaceae steppe dominated whereas wetland meadow expanded and the montane forest stepperetreated,suggesting a cool and wet climate prevailed,wormwood grass steppe prevailed andthe climatic instability increased after 1600 cal.a BEThe climate and environmental reconstructions by pollen were supported by the diatomrecords.A relative high lake level and moister climate prevailed between 8660 and 7230 cal.yr BP as inferred by the dominance of planktonic diatom genera and high planktonic/benthicratio (〉40).low lake level and dry climate sustained during 7230～2330 cal.yr BP assuggested by the low abundance of planktonic diatom and low planktonic/benthic ratio ～20and the lake returned to high level during 2330～930 cal.yr BP as inferred by there-dominance of the planktonic diatom and the high value of palnktonic/benthic ratio.The pollen-based climate reconstruction was also consolidated by the grain size andPediastrum concentration records.

Ugii Nuur湖周围现代孢粉研究表明：松属为空气传播的外来花粉，其含量变化可能指示了远山森林草原发育状况；禾本科具显著低代表性，母体植物建群时含量通常在10％以下：藜科花粉含量可以指示区域气候干旱程度。2、以现代孢粉研究为基础、可靠AMS~(14)C年代为框架，Ugii Nuur孢粉记录高分辨率地重建了蒙古国中部地区过去8660 cal.yr BP以来的植被和气候变化。8660～7800 cal.yr BP研究区植被为禾草草原，湖畔及河谷低地发育苔草草甸，远山发育松属针叶林和森林草原，气候温和略湿润；其中8350～8250 cal.yr BP湿生草甸扩张，旱生植物成分减少，气候凉湿。7800～6860 cal.yr BP旱生成分增加，气候转向暖干。6860～3170 cal.yrBP半荒漠草原扩张，远山森林草原退缩，山地草原和河谷及湖畔湿生草甸退缩，气候持续暖干。3170～2340 cal.yr BP半荒漠草原退缩，远山森林草原扩张，气候转凉变湿，末期湿度条件达最佳。2340～1600 cal.yr BP禾草草原发育，湖畔及河谷低地湿生草甸扩张，远山森林草原略有退缩，气候总体较凉湿。1600 cal.yr BP以来研究区发育禾草-冷蒿草原，气候波动较大。

In the negative and interrogative forms, of course, this is identical to the non-emphatic forms.

。但是，在否定句或疑问句里，这种带有"do"的方法表达的效果却没有什么强调的意思。

Go down on one's knees;kneel down

屈膝跪下。。。下跪祈祷