梭菌属

Tricholoma may be a paraphyletic genus two. The collections identified as T. caligatum is a mixture. Some parts of them from France are members of T. matsutake, the other parts from North America are closed to T. bakamatsutake and T. fulvocastaneum. Tricholoma robustum and T. focale form a clade which is obviously a sister group of the stirp Subannulate. The stirp Caligata was defined as a group mainly on the basis of the predominant veil. But from the result of molecular systematic analysis, the presence of veil is not a stable character in the matsutake group. Species having symbiosis with conifers and broad leaf tree are all transformed from those whose host specificity is not strict. The phylogenetic tree based on ITS sequences resembled the tree of NJ algorithm based on cladistic coding. In the phylogenetic tree based on morphylogical characters, T. zangii and T. bakamatsutake form a clade, but it is the result of convergent evolution as suggested by molecular analyses. The distribution area of the matsutake group can be divided into six regions: middle and northern Europe region, Mediterranean region, Hengduan Mount.— Southeastern Tibet region, Northeastern China—Japan—Far-east Russia region, the Atlantic—North America region and the Rocky Mountain region. The abundance center of the matsutake group are Hengduan Mount.—Southeastern Tibet region and the Rocky Mountain region. Hengduan Mount.

松口蘑群的分子系统学研究得出的结果有：由于粗壮口蘑和羽衣口蘑明显和亚环族(Tricholoma，section subannulate)的种类是来自同一个谱系，和其它松口蘑群的种不具有最近共同祖先，因此松口蘑群是一个多系群；松口蘑群和口蘑属其他种类的亲缘关系比和蜜环菌属更接近；梭柄松苞菇和松口蘑群的差距明显小于油黄口蘑(T.flavovirens)和棕灰口蘑；口蘑属是一个多系群；鉴定为欧洲口蘑的标本明显不是一个单系群，其中一部分是松口蘑，另一部分和黄褐口蘑及傻松口蘑(T.bakamatsutake)比较接近；划分松口蘑群的标准是菌环的存在，但从分子系统学的结果来看，菌环的存在与否并非是一个很稳定的性状；和针叶树专性共生及和阔叶树专性共生均由寄主专化性不强的种类转化而来；在形态学系统发育树上青冈口蘑和傻松口蘑被聚为一个分枝，分子系统学的研究结果表明，这是趋同进化的结果；用支序方法编码作出的NJ树的结果更接近ITS序列的结果。

Therefore, the ways to their separation and identification are different, except similar separation method for caproic acid bacteria and butyric acid bacteria and similar property identification method for acetic acid bacteria and lactobacillus, the other methods are quite different.

摘 要：着重研究粮食酒发酵中4类产酸菌的分离，其中己酸菌与丁酸菌同属梭状芽孢杆菌，为厌氧菌，醋酸菌为好氧菌，乳酸菌则微好氧，因此各自有不同的分离鉴定方法，其中己酸菌与丁酸菌分离方法相似，丁酸菌与乳酸菌的性能鉴定方法相似，其他则各有特色。

The book comprehensively reviews the molecular and cellular biology of the most important microbial toxins with a focus on recent advances in the field, covering topics such as toxin ADP-ribosylation of proteins, toxin inhibition of protein synthesis, modulation of actin cytoskeleton, cytolethal distending toxins, cell-damaging/pore-forming toxins, clostridial neurotoxins, toxins of the immune system, streptococcal and staphylococcal toxins, anthrax toxins, Shiga toxin, Yersinia toxin, mycotoxins, and the regulation of toxin expression, as well as the potential of microbial toxins in bioterrorism.

该书全面评论了最重要的微生物毒素的分子与细胞生物学，重点是这一领域中的最新进展，主题包括蛋白质毒素ADP核糖基化，毒素抑制蛋白质合成，肌动蛋白细胞骨架的调控，细胞致死增加毒素，细胞损伤/孔状毒素，梭菌属的神经毒素，免疫系统的毒素，链球菌和葡萄球菌毒素，炭疽毒素，Shiga毒素，Yersinia毒素，毒枝菌素，和毒素表达调节，以及生物恐怖中微生物毒素的潜在可能性。

Methods］The application of AFLP in severalpathogens(such as Legionella pneumophila, Flavobacterium, Aeromonas, Clostridium,Bacillus, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Vibrio, Helicobacter pylori and Group AStreptococcal)was reviewed and especially compared with other molecular epidemiologicalmethods.［Results］AFLP shares many characteristics with other genomic fingerprintingmethods.

方法］对近年来AFLP技术在几种病原菌（嗜肺军团菌、黄杆菌属、气单胞菌属、梭状杆菌属、芽胞杆菌属、不动杆菌属、假单胞菌属、弧菌属、幽门螺杆菌和A组链球菌）的应用进行综述，并与其它分子流行病学方法进行比较。

The analysis of the 16S rDNA sequence indicated that the two strains, CW-02 (accession numbers: AY703031) and CW-03 (accession numbers: AY703031) belonged to the genus Desulfotomaculum (Peptococcaceae, Clostridiales, Clostridia, Firmicutes, Bacteria), and their similarity with D. nigrificans and D. aeronauticumd was 98%.

通过16SrDNA测序以及在线的Blast系列比对分析：两株菌均属于细菌界，厚壁菌门，梭菌纲，梭菌目，蛋白胨链球菌科Peptococcaceae，脱硫肠状菌属，与该属中的种Desulfotomaculumnigrificans和Desulfotomaculumaeronauticumd相似性达到98%。

Analysis of the 16S rDNA sequence allowed strain CW-04(accession numbers: AY703033) to be classified as a representative of a new strain of the genus Desulfotomaculum, Desulfotomaculum aeronauticumd (Bacteria, Firmicutes, Clostridia, Clostridiales, Pep-tococcaceae) whose similarity is 99%.

通过16S rDNA测序以及系列比对分析：该菌属于细菌界、厚壁菌门、梭菌纲、梭菌目、蛋白胨链球菌科、脱硫肠状菌属，与该属中的种Desulfotomaculum aeronauticumd 相似性达到99%。

Wounds inflicted on the subjects were infected with bacteria such as Streptococcus, gas gangrene, and tetanus.

强加到实验对象身上的伤口被感染链球菌、芽孢梭菌属厌氧菌、破伤风菌等细菌。

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。