梁

Checking and the setting of camber are to be discussed. Firstly, the categories of scaffolds and applying condition of all kinds of scaffolds are simply introduced. Then structure design for beam -column scaffold over sea, beam-column scaffold on land, beam scaffold over sea, ramp bridge scaffold and column scaffold on land are presented. And corresponding formulas and the finite element analysis software of Midas/Civil are used to check strength, stiffness and stability on these scaffolds in detail. Then calculating methods on construction camber of cast-in-place beam scaffold and setting methods are introduced.

本文简要介绍了现浇梁支架的分类、各种支架的使用条件，然后简述了海上梁柱式支架、陆上梁柱式支架、海上梁式支架、匝道桥梁式支架以及陆上立柱式支架的结构设计；并应用相关公式和大型有限元计算软件MIDAS/Civil对各种类型的支架结构详细进行了强度、刚度和稳定性验算；接着介绍了现浇梁支架的施工预拱度计算方法及设置方法。

Five novel torsion-mirror optical actuators including double-beam thickness differential structure with single torsional axis, double flexible folded-beam structure with single torsional axis, double-beam vertical torsion comb structure with single torsion axis, four-beam differential compound-micromirror structure with double torsional axis and the combined structure of the four basis forms above, are brought forward. All of these devices could be fabricated by the same silicon micromachining process we have developed. The deformation compensation design with local enhancement for the thin torsional beam which is the key structure of these devices is also put forward to improve the reliability. The three-dimension solid model and two-dimension reduced order model of the torsion-mirror optical actuator are established and then the numerical simulations for evaluating the device characteristics of the statics, dynamics, electrostatic field, mechanical and electrostatic coupling, fluid and solid coupling are carried out to optimize the structure design. Furthermore, three optical fibre clamping structures which could be integrated monolithicly are designed and analyzed to improve the optical coupling capability. 4. Three flexible process flows combined with bulk silicon micromachining and surface silicon micromachining are brought forward to fabricate these novel single-crystal silicon or polysilicon torsion-mirror optical actuators by using the same lithography masks for both SOI wafer and regular silicon wafer. A series of important process experiments are carried out to optimize the process parameters and the process flows. Some novel and typical process phenomena which occurred during the microfabrication are analyzed and then the corresponding solutions are put forward. 5. A MEMS dynamic testing system which exploit blur image synthetic technique, stroboscopic image matching technique, stroboscopic mirau microscopic interferometry technique and microscopic laser dopper vibrometer technique is set up to measure three-dimension and six-freedom micro motions of any MEMS devices with nanometer resolution.

在对硅微机械扭转镜光致动器的光机电特性系统地理论研究的基础上提出了硅微机械扭转镜光致动器的结构设计准则。3、提出了单轴双梁厚度差分结构、单轴双柔性折叠梁结构、单轴双梁垂直扭转梳齿结构、双轴四梁差动复合微镜结构以及以上四种基本结构组合后的衍生结构等五种工艺加工技术兼容的新型的硅微机械扭转镜光致动器，对器件关键结构薄厚度、高耐疲劳扭转梁进行了局部加强的变形补偿设计，建立了器件的三维实体模型以及两维降阶模型，对提出的新结构硅微机械扭转镜光致动器进行了系统的静力学、动力学、静电场、力电耦合和流体固体耦合的建模仿真与优化设计，同时设计并分析了三种可实现单芯片集成的弹性光纤定位夹紧结构。4、提出了组合体硅微加工技术与表面硅微加工技术、兼容同一套光刻版图、可分别基于SOI 晶片和普通Si 晶片、适应于制造提出的各种新结构单晶硅和多晶硅硅微机械扭转镜光致动器的三套柔性加工工艺流程，开展了一系列重要工艺步骤的单项工艺试验，对工艺流程与工艺参数进行了优化，针对加工过程中出现的具有普遍意义的典型工艺问题进行了讨论和分析，并提出了解决方法。5、创新性地将模糊图像合成技术、频闪图像匹配技术、频闪Mirau 显微干涉技术与显微激光多普勒测振技术有机结合，建立起了一套周期运动测量与瞬态运动测量相结合、单点运动测量与全视场运动测量相结合、满足不同MEMS 器件各种动态测试要求的集成的MEMS 三维六自由度微运动精密测量系统。

The formula is applied to designers. They can obtain the result of internal force under the condition of mutual action easily. The paper obtain more right calculative method , The result of the method is exacter than

为了解决这个问题，本文从梁板式阳台结构边梁与挑梁相互约束作用入手，对边梁与挑梁相互约束作用下结构内力的计算方法做了进一步的分析，指出节点性能对结构内力计算方法的影响。

The grillage analytical method of box-girder is analyzed and discussed from unit division, calculation of cross-section property and other aspects.

介绍了箱型梁的梁格分析法，从梁格单元的划分、各单元截面特性的计算等方面进行了论述，指出该箱型梁梁格分析法简单易行，分析的精度可达到一般工程设计的要求。

Analysis had been carried out on the models of representative deck thickness and hinge joint depth with centre load and side load applied.

分析结果表明，随着桥面板厚度的增加，板梁挠度及板梁底横向拉应力逐渐减小，铰缝内的横向拉应力和竖向剪应力逐渐减小；随着铰缝深度的加大，各板梁挠度差逐渐减小，板梁底横向拉应力逐渐增大，铰缝内的横向拉应力和竖向剪应力逐渐减小；并且随着桥面板厚度的增加，铰缝深度对板梁桥的刚度及受力性能的影响效果逐渐降低。

The structural design is carries on the design calculation after the plan comparison and appraisal recommendation plan, this stage design primary mission is: The design material analysis and the structure arrangement, the king post endogenic force computation, the pre-stressed steel ties the estimate and the arrangement, the computation king post section geometry characteristic, the steel tie the loss of prestress computation, the king post section intensity checking calculation, the king post nose partial bearing strength checking calculation, the king post distortion checking calculation and part compositions and so on lane board computation.

结构设计是根据方案评比后的推荐方案进行设计计算，这一阶段的设计主要任务是：设计资料分析及构造布置、主梁内力计算、预应力钢束的估算及其布置、计算主梁截面几何特性、钢束预应力损失计算、主梁截面强度验算、主梁端部的局部承压强度验算、主梁变形验算和行车道板计算等部分组成。

In combination with the crushed rock slope as an example, the allocation of an anchorage force on longitudinal beams and transverse beams is calculated by adopting the distribution coefficient law of the nodal form at first. Then the internal forces of the lattice beam are calculated respectively through the software on the basis of Winkler elastic foundation model and the semi-infinite foundation model, and then compared with the internal forces which are based on simplified foundation pressure calculation. The active pressure of rock is calculated approximately by Ranking soil pressure theory in the working stage. Sequentially, the reinforcing bars are disposed by two-stage's averagely calculated values.

以破碎岩质边坡为例，采用节点荷载分配法计算了锚索锚固力在格构梁纵、横梁之间的分配比率，然后基于Winkler弹性地基模型和弹性半空间地基模型分别计算格构梁在张拉阶段的内力，并与采用简化的地基反力计算值对比；采用朗肯土压力理论近似计算在工作阶段主动岩体压力，将地梁视为在线性分布力作用下倒置于坡面上的连续梁，按力矩分配法计算地梁内力，取两阶段计算平均值进行配筋。

The main way of the method of beam grid is to simulate the top structure with a equivalent beam grid, and concentrates the scattered bending rigid and tension rigid in slab or box beam into the close equivalent beam grid, and the longitudinal rigid of the real structure is concentrated in longitudinal beam rigid, and the lateral rigid is concentrated in lateral beam rigid.

梁格法的主要思路是将上部结构用一个等效梁格来模拟，将分散在板式或箱梁每一区段内的弯曲刚度和抗扭刚度集中于最邻近的等效梁格内，实际结构的纵向刚度集中于纵向梁格构件内，而横向刚度则集中于横向梁格构件内。

The development of travelling trestle bridge fabrication machine in China was reviewed. Bridge fabrication machines were classified according to PC box girder's position in travelling trestle. A comparison was made between two construction methods: precast girder assembly method and cast\|in\|situ method.

我国移动支架造桥技术的进展预应力混凝土梁的施工有架桥机架设、顶推架设、悬臂灌筑、悬臂拼装、造桥机造梁等几种方法，各有其适用范围，而采用造桥机架梁系墩顶原位造梁，跨度、墩高适用范围广，不影响桥下交通，梁施工时的状态与运营工况一致，且省工省料，建造速度快，梁既可工厂化分节预制，也可在模架上整孔现浇。

Aiming at calculation of the equivalent rigidity of truss stiffening girder in an aeroelastic model design of a long-span suspension bridge with truss stiffening girder,Aizhai bridge,a super-long -span suspension bridge across deep valley with single span,was taken as an example for investigation.

针对大跨度桁架加劲梁悬索桥气弹模型设计中主梁等效刚度计算问题，以矮寨大桥为实例，建立不同长度空间桁架加劲梁节段模型有限元模型，通过悬臂梁位移法反算得到主梁的等效刚度特性，研究了不同荷载施加方式以及不同梁段长度对等效刚度特性的影响。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。