桩结构

PSO is a population-based optimization algorithm, which mimics the social behavior of animals in a flock. It makes use of individual and group memory to update each particle position allowing global and local search optimization. The objective function considered was the total weight of the structure subjected to stresses, displacements and forces constraints. The effects of the parameters were investigated as well and such combination of tuning parameters promote a better global search behavior avoiding premature convergence while rapidly converging to the optimal solution. Results showed the effectiveness of the proposed method by comparing with ANSYS Design Optimization Tool (zero-order method). The PSO with the tuning parameters makes it an ideal method for offshore wind turbines foundations optimization tasks.(2) A reliability analysis method for pile foundation bearing axial loads based PSOThe performance function of pile foundation's axially bearing capacity sometimes is nonlinear and complex, on the basis of geometric meaning of structural reliability index, an optimum model with PSO for structural reliability analysis under arbitrary random variables was established, The PSO algorithm is very efficient to solve global optimization problemsIts use in structural reliability field presents not only the advantage of its facility of implementation, but also the possibility to obtain the design point and the failure probability with a good accuracy. In addition, PSO is a zero order algorithm, for no derivative is necessary for its implementation.

本文的研究针对桩式海上风机基础结构的特点，在国内外有关研究成果的基础上对海上风机基础结构优化设计理论和可靠度方法一些相关问题进行了较为深入的研究，具体做了以下几个方面的工作：(1)基于粒子群优化的桩式海上风机基础确定性优化设计方法桩式海上风机基础的优化设计是一个复杂的、非线性约束的优化问题，针对传统的基于梯度信息的优化方法在处理非线性问题中易陷入局部最优解的问题，本文将一种耦合惩罚函数的PSO算法引入到海上风机基础结构概念设计中，PSO算法是从群体动物聚集觅食这一活动中受到启发而发展的，该算法利用个体和群体的信息共享不断改进自身的位置从而进行局部和全局最优搜索，本文中以桩和三脚架连接段直径及壁厚为设计变量，以基础总重量作为优化的目标函数，在给定的约束条件下建立了三脚架基础优化数学模型，另外本文还研究了PSO参数变化对结果的影响，协调的参数组合可以避免陷入早熟收敛而能够快速的获得全局的最优解，通过与ANSYS优化模块的计算结果比较验证了该方法的有效性，本方法为海上风机基础的确定性设计提供了一条有效的途径。

This paper analyses the working principle of CFG pile composite foundation and construction technology, especially focuses on the comparison with other piles in construction skills. Aiming at the geological characteristic of haugh in Zhengzhou, the theory of seepage deformation and the pore expanding were applied in the research work of CFG pile impacting the surrounding environment. Then the controlling solution was listed in the paper.

为此，通过对CFG桩复合地基工作机理、施工方法的分析研究，特别是CFG桩与其它桩型施工方法的对比分析(如CFG桩与沉管灌注桩、CFG桩与钻孔灌注桩比较分析)，针对泛滥平原工程地质的特点，运用渗透变形原理、小孔扩张理论等较为深入地研究了CFG桩环境效应，并提出了相应的控制措施，主要研究成果归纳如下：(1)本文提出了针对泛滥平原工程地质单元地区"二元"结构地层，CFG桩长螺旋钻管内泵压施工对周围环境的扰动机理。

The inverse calculation method is applied to analyze the internal force and interaction of lining and secant pile wall of the testing project of Shanghai Metro. The

最后，研究了咬合桩复合结构的构造设计，研究了不同咬合桩复合结构形式的防水构造设计要点，并对不同复合结构形式下的咬合桩与主体结构连接的可行方案进行了探讨。

The calculation method of rigidity and reinforcement of different secant pile format is also studied.

随后，研究了不同搭配形式咬合桩作为主体结构使用的可行性，认为荤荤搭配的咬合桩可以作为主体结构一部分使用，但荤素搭配的咬合桩作为主体结构一部分使用要控制素桩的裂缝发展。

The key problem of uplift piles in deep buried substructure compared to underground engineering with shallow bury depth is how to reflect the influence of deep excavation off-loading on the uplift piles' bearing characteristic and capacity....

与浅埋的地下工程相比，该深埋地下结构抗拔桩设计面临的特殊问题是如何反映如此大体量深层地下开挖卸荷对抗拔桩承载特性的影响，主要表现在：深埋地下结构抗拔桩地面试桩开挖段侧摩阻力的扣除；开挖卸荷后桩周土体围压减小对桩基承载力削弱的影响；开挖卸荷基底隆起对桩产生的预拉力。

The question of ruined earth pressure cell in test is solved,and the contact pressure between soil and pile is found out by the numerical simulation and distributing law of earth pressure.

通过数值模拟，解决试验中土压力盒损坏的问题，得到地震动激励下桩–土接触压力峰值的数据，并由此分析桩–土接触压力的大小及其分布规律，提出桩基上的支盘是基础减振的主要构件，并承受动荷载，减轻地震波对上部结构的冲击力，同时消耗上部结构反馈给基础的振动能量。承台和桩基两侧的土压力时程曲线呈反向关系，说明基础在同一时间一侧受压，另一侧受拉。

In this paper, the feasibility of pile with high bearing capacity, such as post-grouting bored concrete pile, pedestal pile, huge pile and so on, used in top-down construction is studied. The construction speed increase of structure above ground i...

本文研究将高承载力的桩基，如桩端后注浆钻孔灌注桩、扩底桩、巨型桩等，在软土地区全逆作施工中应用的可行性；分别对于一柱一桩和一桩多桩两种逆作施工竖向承载体系，论证了高承载力的桩基的应用可以加快上部结构施工；总结了全逆作施工中的关键施工技术，如立柱的不均匀沉降、梁柱板墙的节点、一柱多桩的转换梁板等；提出了软土地区高层建筑全逆作施工总体方案制定应遵循的一些基本原则，如主楼群房的逆顺组合、全逆作的逆顺分界选择、挖土方式选择等。

The majority of piles are designed to support "active" loadings, that is to say, loads from upper structure are directly transferred to the pile foundation by the cap.

通常各类建筑工程中的桩基础主要是主动受荷桩，即上部结构的荷载通过承台传递给下部的桩基础，由桩土间的相互作用来分担上部结构荷载。

At the same time, the finite staff element method is used to analyze the influence of beam rigidity; and the two new methods proposed are used to analyze the influence of connect way between piles and beam; and the conclusion is obtained that the rigidity ratio between beam and piles being 0.48 is appropriate; the continuative increase of the rigidity ratio is not significant; the worst condition is that connecting way between piles and beam is hinged; the best condition is that connecting way between piles and beam is rigid. Whether is single-row pile or are double-row piles, when the front of single-row pile or the front of the front-row pile(in the double-row piles) needed excavation, it is supposed to that ought to be carefulness to excavate, because it is that the engineering cost increased greatly.

同时，用有限杆单元法，对双排桩的连梁刚度和用文中提出的方法以桩梁连接方式进行了试验和理论分析得出如下结论：在满足不相互影响排桩间距的情况下，桩顶连梁与桩的刚度比不小于0.48是合适的，此时再增加连梁刚度无意义；桩梁连接为铰结时双排桩受力变形性质最差，刚结时受力变形性质最好；不论是单排桩还是双排桩，桩前和前排桩桩前土体需要开挖时应慎重，因为这种开挖对支护结构影响很大，造价增加很多；双排桩省钱，而且抵抗变形的能力强，值得在工程中研究和广泛应用

This paper introduces dismantling design and construction of the trestle bridge,and puts emphasis on reinforcement design in dismantling construction of the trestle bridge,dismantling construction gist of road plates of bridge,Bailey beams and steel pipe piles.

栈桥桥面宽8·0m，按双车道设计，顶面设计标高为7·0m。栈桥为多跨连续梁，梁上部结构为单层321贝雷桁架，梁高1·5m；栈桥跨径有12m及15m两种；下部结构采用打入式钢管桩基础，按摩擦桩设计，桩径分800、600mm两种，桩长20~40m。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。