桥墩

MANDER constructive model is used to simulate stress-strain relationship of confined concrete; three sensitive parameters (pier height, confined index and concrete strength) are analyzed and the effect rule that how non-linear constructive model of reinforced concrete affects load of high pier is obtained.

由于高桥墩的几何非线性及材料非线性本构关系所导致的二次效应非常显著，因此采用传统的以弹性理论为基础的设计计算方法求算高柔桥墩的内力和变形会引起较大偏差。

After studying the curve of the vibration frequencies, which are varying with the changing of the structural parameters such as the rigidity of pier, the rigidity of straining beam, the rigidity of truss, the high of pier, the width of deck, and so on, some rules about the changing of vibration frequencies and the influencing of the structure that vary with the parameters were achieved.

研究了桥墩刚度、横系梁刚度、桁架片刚度、桥墩高度、桥面宽度等参数对结构动力特性的影响，通过对结构的自振振型及频率进行相应分析，得出结构参数变化对结构的横向刚度、竖向刚度、纵向刚度和扭转刚度及其他动力特性的影响程度及规律。

Finally, the advantage and disadvantage of various retrofitting methods are discussed, and the proposals for reinforcing railway piers with low reinforcement ratio are suggested.

对桥墩的加固问题进行了讨论，比较了各种加固方法的优缺点，对低配筋铁路桥墩的加固提出了建议。

The formula are not only adaptable to piers with different kinds of foundation, but also suitable to tower structures.

该方法适用于各种类型的桥墩和高耸建筑，对桥墩结构状态的评定具有参考作用。

Not only blocked off the bridge pier from the bridge pier location started long wall has been stretching Cosco two Bay City residential areas.

挡住去路的不仅是桥墩，从桥墩位置开始的长长的围墙，一直伸进中远两湾城住宅区。

For CWR＇s design on high pier bridge, longitudinal additional force caused by temperature should be added to other additional force to check the rail strength and CWR＇s stability.

根据梁轨相互作用原理，建立&轨—梁—墩&有限元模型，计算桥墩温差引起的桥上无缝线路钢轨附加力，研究桥墩温差引起的钢轨附加力的分布规律及其影响因素。

To liberation, the two piers cracks have occurred, endangering the bridge itself, has had to limit heavy vehicles crossing the bridge, speed limits, limit the number. 1954, the local spent six months repaired the crack of the pier, in the original steel trusses on the level of amputation and a curved shape of the upper limbs, using reinforced concrete bridge deck boards, so that the bridge deck beam into a combination of vertical and horizontal beams, Increase the carrying capacity of 20 tons of cars can have full. 1981, the upper reaches of the Yellow River Bridge has withstood the test of catastrophic flood, safe and sound.

到解放时，两个桥墩已发生裂缝，危及大桥本身，不得不对过桥车辆限重、限速、限数。1954年，当地用了半年时间修好了开裂的桥墩，在原来钢桁架的水平肢上加了一根弯曲形的上肢，桥面改用钢筋混凝土板，使桥面的纵横梁变为组合梁，提高了承载能力，20吨重的汽车可以畅行无阻。1981年，大桥经受了黄河上游特大洪水的考验，安然无恙。

Research on local scour during settling of steel caissons is an important topic for design and construction of large-scaled bridge piers.

钢沉井下沉过程中局部冲刷的研究是同类桥墩设计和施工十分关心的重要课题，它对保证钢沉井安全有效施工、桥梁设计中施工期桥墩最大冲深、失稳和安全计算有重要参考价值。

Finally, according to the researches of flume experiment and numerical simulation, the article puts forward a new method of flow rate calculation for the circular and pier shaped cylinder measuring flumes, which is much more application, and can meet the need of the free outflow and submerged discharge, meanwhile it analyses the precision of the new method, and provides the theory for the broad application of the circular and pier shaped cylinder measuring flumes.

最后，根据水槽试验和数值模拟研究成果，建立一套适用范围较广的、能满足自由出流和淹没出流需要的圆柱形和桥墩形量水槽的测流计算方法，并对方法的精度进行分析，为圆柱形和桥墩形量水槽的广泛应用提供理论基础。

Furthermore, using standard k-ε double equation turbulence model, it simulates the three-dimensional water movement of the circular and pier shaped cylinder measuring flumes, and makes researches on the discharge coefficient of the cylinder measuring flumes in the larger range.

用标准κ-ε双方程紊流模型，数值模拟圆柱形和桥墩形量水槽三维水流运动，在更大的范围内研究圆柱形和桥墩形量水槽流量系数的变化规律。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。