格陵兰的

Not all free-swimming animals stay in one zone-the sperm whale dives to over 500 m (1,650 ft) to feed on squid, returning to the surface to breathe air. Some animals from cold, deep waters, such as the Greenland shark in the Atlantic, are also found in the cold, surface waters of polar regions. Over 90 per cent of all species dwell on the bottom.

不是所有的自由游动的动物都在一个地带--抹香鲸潜在500米（1650英尺）多深的地方，以鱿鱼为食物，重新回到表面上面来呼吸空气一些动物从冷，深的水中，像在大西洋的格陵兰鲨鱼，也是在极地的冷，水面上发现的这超过百分之90的居住在底部。

According to the energy conservation theory, BOM and CSIM4 were coupled. The BOM has no treatment on transmission solar radiation, which is of great importance when the model is adapted to Arctic Ocean. So the treatment was introduced to BOM. Through numerical test on different lead albedos, it was found that sea ice thickness is not so sensitive to lead albedo, which may be contribute to the lead occupies little ratio within multiyear sea ice pack. The reason of summer over-melt of arctic sea ice is the NCEP reanalysis downward solar radiation being larger than its reality. Then the arctic sea ice climate variability was simulated. Results showed that: simulated ice thickness change is in accord with the submarine investigated mean sea-ice draft changes. Simulated annually maximum ice thickness along the Eurasian continental oceans are closely related to the observed ones. The long-term mean simulated ice motion has the same features of the SSM/I derived ice motion. Sea ice extents in differential sub-regions have same trends comparing to the satellite passive-microwave data derived ones. Simulated ice concentration is closely related to the observed in the Arctic sub-regions. Sea ice flux through the Fram Strait involves ice concentration, motion and thickness. It is a composite criterion for sea ice model evaluation. The simulated ice area and volume export through the strait accord with the satellite derived or statistically reconstructed ones.(5) The simulated ice thickness climate variability and mean sea surface current of the coupled model were analyzed, results showed: the total ice volume in the Arctic Ocean has a significant decreasing trend. The volume variability is of a 10-year timescale oscillation, with two major periods of 12-13a and 18-20a. Mean ice thickness in the arctic sub-seas has different tendencies. It has an increasing trend in the Barents-Kara Sea and Baffin Bay-Labrador Sea, and decreasing in the others. The characteristic time scale of 7-10a wherein the river discharges leads the Fram Strait ice volume export is about the period that river water takes to be conveyed across the Arctic Ocean.(6) Using the simulated ice distribution in the Arctic Ocean and China precipitation, air temperature and SST in tropical key regions, the climate teleconnection were studied. Result showed: When the mean sea ice thickness is large in the central Arctic Ocean and Chukchi-Beaufort Sea , and small in the Barents-Kara Sea and Baffin Bay-Labrador Sea , the precipitation in South China, Tibetan Plateau, and the north part of Northeastern China are always smaller than normal, and v. v. When the mean ice thickness is small in CA, BC, East Siberian Sea and Greenland-Iceland-Norwegian Sea , and large in BL, The air temperature in north-eastern China, the southern of Tibetan Plateau, and Hainan Island, are always lower than normal, and v. v. In addition, when the sea ice is thick in BC and BL, the SST is larger in the middle and eastern Pacific Ocean, and is smaller in the tropical Southeastern Indian Ocean.

由于BOM没有考虑透射太阳辐射的物理过程，研究表明透射太阳辐射对北冰洋的能量收支起到重要作用，因此在BOM模式中引入了对透射太阳辐射的处理；通过对不同水道反照率的数值试验表明海冰厚度对水道反照率的敏感性不强，可能与海冰区水道面积占的比率很小有关；而模式模拟的北极海冰夏季&过度融化&主要源于NCEP再分析资料提供了偏大的太阳短波辐射；对北极海冰的气候变率进行了模拟研究，结果表明：模拟的海冰厚度变化与潜艇探测的海冰吃深度变化具有一致性；模拟和观测的亚欧大陆沿海的年内最大海冰厚度有很好的相关；模拟的海冰移速与长期平均的卫星反演的海冰移速具有相同的速度分布特征；模拟的各个海区海冰面积的变化趋势与卫星反演资料分析的结果基本一致；模拟与观测的主要海洋分区的海冰密集度具有很好的相关：弗瑞姆海峡的海冰体积和面积的输送涉及到海冰密集度、厚度和移动速度，是判断模式模拟能力的一个综合的指标，模式模拟的结果与卫星反演或重建的面积输送、体积输送具有很好的一致性；(5)分析了模拟的北极海冰厚度的气候变率及气候平均表层海流场，结果表明：北极海冰的总体积有显著减少的趋势，北极海冰总体积的变化具有10a际尺度振荡的特点，存在18-20a和12-13a两个主周期；北极海冰的平均厚度在各个海区的变化趋势不同，在巴伦支—喀拉海和巴芬湾—拉布拉多海地区海冰厚度有显著的增加趋势，而其它海区存在减少的趋势；通过对模拟的气候平均表层海流的分析表明，北极河流流量超前弗瑞姆海峡海冰流量7-10年的特征时间尺度与表层海流的气候分布存在着必然联系：(6)利用模拟结果以及中国降水、气温和热带关键区SST资料，讨论了北极各海区海冰平均厚度与中国降水、气温以及热带关键区SST的关系，结果表明：在北极中心海区和楚科奇—波弗特海海冰厚度偏大，在巴伦支—喀拉海以及巴芬湾—拉布拉多海海冰厚度偏小，则中国降水在华南地区、青藏高原和东北北部降水偏少，反之相反；在北极中心海区、东西伯利亚海、楚科奇—波弗特海以及格陵兰海海冰厚度偏小，在巴芬湾—拉布拉多海海冰厚度偏大，则在中国东北地区、高原南部地区和海南岛附近气温偏低，反之相反；另外，北极楚科奇—波弗特海和巴芬湾—拉布拉多海海冰厚度偏大时，在热带中东太平洋海温偏高，而在热带东南印度洋海温偏低。

The scope of the project, the challenging logistics, the fierce weather conditions, the forbidding terrain, and the prodigious distances (more than 6,000 miles from the remote camera at Umiamako Glacier in Greenland to the repeat photography site at Chacaltaya, Bolivia).

全都是！项目的规模、富有挑战性的后勤、严峻的气候条件、无人涉足的荒凉地带、超乎想像的距离（从格陵兰Umiamako冰川最远的相机到玻利维亚Chacaltaya设置的相机的距离超过6000英里）。

Nor could I pass unnoticed the suggestion of the bleak shores of Lapland, Siberia, Spitzbergen, Nova Zembla, Iceland, Greenland, with 'the vast sweep of the Arctic Zone, and those forlorn regions of dreary space,- that reservoir of frost and snow, where firm fields of ice, the accumulation of centuries of winters, glazed in Alpine heights above heights, surround the pole and concentre the multiplied rigours of extreme cold.

而大西洋的汹涌波涛，泻入了狂暴的赫布里底群岛。还有些地方我也不能看都不看，一翻而过，那就是书中提到的拉普兰、西伯利亚、斯匹次卑尔根群岛、新地岛、冰岛和格陵兰荒凉的海岸。广袤无垠的北极地带和那些阴凄凄的不毛之地，宛若冰雪的储存库。

Detection of a human cause of warming at both ends of the earth also strengthens a need to understand ice sheets on Antarctica and Greenland that would raise world sea levels by about 70 meters (230 ft) if they all melted, they said.

温暖的人的起因的Detection在地球的两个末端也加强需要了解在南极州的冰床，并且将由大约70米的格陵兰(230 ft)提高世界海标准，如果他们全都熔化了，他们说。

Based on the data analysis and numerical simulation, the Arctic sea ice climate variability was researched, the result were as following:(1) The analysis on the seasonal cycle of the Arctic Ocean and atmosphere showed that: The seasonal surface wind is somewhat trade wind like in some regions in the Arctic. The surface air temperature is robustly determined from the underlying environments such as sea ice and Greenland glaciers. In the sea ice region the precipitation rate is larger than that of evaporation. Furthermore, the Arctic Ocean hydrology is profoundly influenced by the surrounding rivers discharge. These are the decisive factors on the ocean salinity pattern. Sea ice flux through the Fram Strait is larger in winter than in summer. From the 40s in the 20th century on, the ice volume flux has an increasing trend. The Arctic rivers flood season is about the melt period, the winter rivers discharge has a significant increasing. Correlation analysis shows that 7 to 10 years is a characteristic time scale that rivers discharge leads Fram Strait ice volume export.(2) Considering 9 major arctic rivers, the Arctic Ocean circulation was simulated through BOM. The result shows that: The BOM can reproduce the main Arctic Ocean circulation pattern. The"Islandization"which is commonly used in OGCMs to treat the North Pole, not only influences the ocean current near the pole, but also influences the current in the Northern Atlantic Ocean, thus the bogus island might influence global climate through thermohaline circulation in the Atlantic Ocean.

在资料分析和数值模拟的基础上，对北极海冰的气候变率进行了深入的研究，结果如下：(1)对北极地区大气和海洋季节循环特征的分析表明，气候平均风场在部分地区具有&信风&的性质；而气温场与海冰分布及格陵兰半岛冰原的下垫面特征有密切关系；在北极海冰区的降水量大于蒸发量，并且在全球大洋中北冰洋受到河流径流的影响最大，对北冰洋的盐度分布有决定作用；通过弗瑞姆海峡的海冰通量在冬半年大于夏半年，并且从20世纪40年代起，海冰的体积输送有增加趋势；北极河流的汛期主要在融化季节，冬季的河流流量有显著增加的趋势；相关分析表明7到10年是北极河流流量影响弗瑞姆海峡海冰体积输送的一个特征时间尺度；(2)采用BOM海洋模式对北冰洋海洋环流进行了模拟研究，在模式中考虑了北极9条主要河流的作用，结果表明该海洋模式可以较好模拟出北冰洋海洋环流的基本特征；多数大洋环流模式采用&北极岛化&的方法处理北极点，模拟结果表明&北极岛化&不仅影响到极点附近的海流，还会对相对较远的北大西洋海流造成影响，并可能通过大西洋的热盐环流对全球气候产生影响；(3)采用CSIM4海冰模式对北极海冰的气候态进行了模拟。

I didn't watch TV last night, because it .

昨晚我没有看电视，因为电视机坏了。

Since this year, in a lot of villages of Beijing, TV of elevator liquid crystal was removed.

今年以来，在北京的很多小区里，电梯液晶电视被撤了下来。