根系

Aqueous extract of cotton has allelopathic effect on Raphanus sativus, Brassica campestris, Lactuca indica, Brassica campestris, Echinochloa crusgall, Setaria viridis and Abutilon theophrasti and its inhibition effect gradually strengthens with increasing concentration. Aqueous extracts from stems, leaves and roots of cotton inhibit or accelerate seed germination and seedling growth, and activity of enzyme of seedling root of cotton. While aqueous extracts from stems and leaves of cotton are 0.02 gmL^(-1), root length, shoot length, lateral root number and dry weight of cotton respectively increase by 10.3%, 3.1%, 22.9% and 2.4% over the control. The above mentioned indexes are lower than the control by 34.4%, 39.2%, 40.6% and 19.0% respectively as the aqueous extracts are 0.1 gmL^(-1). At the same time, root activity and SOD activity decrease by 38.2% and 36.7%, while POD activity and MDA content increase by 52.3% and 36.5%. Growth indexes of plant receptors increase at low concentrations but decrease at high concentrations of aqueous extracts. The allelopathic effect of aqueous extract of stems and leaves is stronger than that of root.

结果表明：棉花植株水浸提液对萝卜、白菜、莴苣、油菜、稗草、狗尾草、苘麻均具有化感效应，随着作用浓度增加，抑制效应逐渐加强；棉花茎叶和根系水浸提液对棉花种子萌发、幼苗生长、幼苗根系活力、根系酶活性有抑制或促进作用，当茎叶浸提液浓度为0.02 gmL^(-1)时，棉花根长、苗高、侧根数、干重分别比对照增加10.3%、3.1%、22.9%和2.4%，当浓度为0.1 gmL^(-1)时，上述指标与对照相比分别降低34.4%、39.2%、40.6%和19.0%，而根系活力、SOD活性比对照降低38.2%、36.7%，POD活性、MDA含量较对照增加52.3%和36.5%，不同浓度棉花植株水浸提液对棉花生长呈现"低促高抑"的规律，且茎叶浸提液作用效应大于根系浸提液。

The absorption of root system was the main sources of nitrogen in the plant.The effects of matrix ventilation on the abaorption,transportion and metabolism of nitrogen in the root system of cucmber were discussed deeply.The results showed that contents of ammonium,nitrate,free amino acids and soluble protein in cucumber roots were higher in G1 treatment.Contents of ammonium,nitrate and free amino acids in cucumber roots were the trend of the dropping after the first rising in F1 treatment,but contents of soluble protein was lower11.03%than that of the control.

根系吸收是植物体内氮素的主要来源，本研究深入探讨了基质通气状况对黄瓜根系氮素吸收、运输和氮代谢的影响，结果表明G1通气处理根系的铵盐、硝酸盐、游离氨基酸和可溶性蛋白含量均较高；非通气处理(F1处理)根系内铵盐、硝酸盐和游离氨基酸含量呈先升高后降低的趋势，而可溶性蛋白含量始终较低，比对照降低11.03%。G1处理根系硝酸还原酶、亚硝酸还原酶、谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶活性均较高；而F1处理的酶活性在处理末期显著降低，其中谷氨酰胺合成酶活性比对照降低33.33%。

The comparison of contents of carbohydrate and hormone in cucumber roots,the root dry weight,soluble sugar content,glucose content,sucrose content,fructose content were higher,but starch contents werelower,and the contents of ZT,GA and IAA in xylem sap and roots were higher in G1 treatment,but ABA content was lower.However,the root dry weight significantly decreased in non-ventilation treatment(F1),and starch content,soluble sugar content,glucose content,fructose content were the trend of the dropping after the first rising, and sucrose content was lower,and the contents of ZT,GA and IAA in xylem sap and roots were lower,but ABA content was higher.

不同处理黄瓜根系碳水化合物含量和激素含量比较发现，G1通气处理根系的干重、总可溶性糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖和果糖含量均较高，淀粉含量较低，根系和伤流液中ZT、GA_3和IAA含量均较高，ABA含量较低；而非通气处理(F1处理)与对照相比根系干重显著降低，根系内淀粉、总可溶性糖、葡萄糖以及果糖含量均呈先升高后降低的趋势，而蔗糖含量较低；根系和伤流液中ZT、GA_3和IAA含量均较低，ABA含量较高。

So the variety of L21 andLainong9217 should be planted in dry land of high yield,and the variety ofLainong8834 and YD27 in dry land of middle yield,and gaining high yieldand high efficiency.2 The researches on the flag leaf and root system senescence after anthesisand yield were studied in dry land wheat of high yield,the activity of super-oxide dismatase and catalase、and the soluble protein content、Cytokinincontent in wheat flag leaf and root system after anthesisand Cytokinincontent in grain decreased slowly,and the content ofmalondiadehydeand the Abscisic Acidcontent in wheat flagleaf and root system and the Abscisic Acidcontent in grain increasedslowly,meanwhile keep higher root vigor and the root vigor decreased slow-ly,the result would be benefit to delay the senescence and gain high yield.3 The effects of soil thickness on the senescence of flag leaf and root sys-tem、nitrogen distribution and utilization and water consumption law andyield in dry land wheat had been studied in soil column and field.

通过大田条件下旱地高产小麦耗水规律及产量变化的研究表明，4个品种耗水量、产量、水分生产率、籽粒产量中来自花后光合器官输送的比例及综合效益评判结果均以鲁麦21和莱农9217为高，而莱农8834和烟D27则与此相反，因而在旱地高产麦田应以种植鲁麦21和莱农9217为主，中产麦田以莱农8834和烟D27为主，以获得高产高效。2在旱地高产大田对鲁麦21与烟D27两品种花后旗叶、根系衰老及产量变化进行了研究，认为花后旗叶与根系SOD、CAT活性、可溶性蛋白质含量、i-PAs含量及籽粒iPAs含量降低缓慢，MDA含量、ABA含量及籽粒ABA含量增加缓慢，同时保持较高的根系活力且下降缓慢，有利于延缓衰老，形成高产。3土层厚度对旱地小麦花后衰老、氮素分配利用及产量的影响进行了研究，随土层厚度加深，根系活力、根系与旗叶SOD、CAT活性及可溶性蛋白质含量增加，MDA含量减少，土层愈薄，其根系与旗叶衰老愈快。

Applying the Whitney-Riley model to the soil-root complex, calculating formulas, which were related to modulus of elasticity E in direction of plant roots growth, modulus of elasticity E to be vertical to direction of plant roots growth and shearing modulus G in plane of plant roots growth, were established.

运用Whitney-Riley模型，推导出土壤—根系复合体根系生长方向的弹性模量E、垂直于根系生长方向的弹性模量E和根系生长平面的剪切模量G等工程常数的理论计算公式，为进一步研究土壤—根系复合体工程特性提供了一种方法，具有一定的参考价值。

Aqueous extract of cotton has allelopathic effect on Raphanus sativus, Brassica campestris, Lactuca indica, Brassica campestris, Echinochloa crusgall, Setaria viridis and Abutilon theophrasti and its inhibition effect gradually strengthens with increasing concentration. Aqueous extracts from stems, leaves and roots of cotton inhibit or accelerate seed germination and seedling growth, and activity of enzyme of seedling root of cotton. While aqueous extracts from stems and leaves of cotton are 0.02 gmL^(-1), root length, shoot length, lateral root number and dry weight of cotton respectively increase by 10.3%, 3.1%, 22.9% and 2.4% over the control. The above mentioned indexes are lower than the control by 34.4%, 39.2%, 40.6% and 19.0% respectively as the aqueous extracts are 0.1 gmL^(-1). At the same time, root activity and SOD activity decrease by 38.2% and 36.7%, while POD activity and MDA content increase by 52.3% and 36.5%. Growth indexes of plant receptors increase at low concentrations but decrease at high concentrations of aqueous extracts. The allelopathic effect of aqueous extract of stems and leaves is stronger than that of root.

结果表明：棉花植株水浸提液对萝卜、白菜、莴苣、油菜、稗草、狗尾草、苘麻均具有化感效应，随着作用浓度增加，抑制效应逐渐加强；棉花茎叶和根系水浸提液对棉花种子萌发、幼苗生长、幼苗根系活力、根系酶活性有抑制或促进作用，当茎叶浸提液浓度为0.02 gmL^(-1)时，棉花根长、苗高、侧根数、干重分别比对照增加10.3%、3.1%、22.9%和2.4%，当浓度为0.1 gmL^(-1)时，上述指标与对照相比分别降低34.4%、39.2%、40.6%和19.0%，而根系活力、SOD活性比对照降低38.2%、36.7%，POD活性、MDA含量较对照增加52.3%和36.5%，不同浓度棉花植株水浸提液对棉花生长呈现&低促高抑&的规律，且茎叶浸提液作用效应大于根系浸提液。

G.E.Hubb root is from 0.20mm to 0.50mm, and 95% roots, diameter is thinner than 0.40mm. The total surface areas of roots is 10139.68cm^2, and the surface areas of roots is about 2 to 3 times to soil surface areas in the surface layer. Enlacing sod concretion to soil profile of Eulaliopsis binata G.E. Hubb root and the gigantic adsorption to soil grains of root surface are the mechanism why Eulaliopsis binata G.E. Hubb can reduce null and water loss significantly. The monitoring result from 2003 to 2004 indicates that, when the gradient is 12 degrees, the runoff rate of planting Eulaliopsis binata Retz. G.E. Hubb completely after changing slope land to ladder (PECC, so as the follows is only 49.90m^3/hm^2?yr. and the soil loss rate is 155.78kg/hm^2?yr, however, the runoff rate of fanning and being not change slope land to ladder is 314.29m^3/hm^2?yr that is 6.30 times to PECC ,and the soil loss rate is 3322.50 that is 21.33 times to PECC; When the gradient is 24 degrees, the runoff rate of planting eulaliopsis binata G.E, Hubb in the ridge and border slope land after changing slope land to ladder is 248.04m^3/hm^3?yr and the soil loss rate is 612.00kg/hm^3?yr. the runoff rate of PECC is only 42.44m^3/hm^2?yr and the soil loss rate is 153.75kg/hm^2?yr, however, the runoff rate of ENC reaches to 785.73m^3/hm62?yr that is 3.17 times to PERBC and 18.52 times to PECC, and the soil lose rate reaches to 37503m^3/hm^2 yr that is 61.33 times to PERBC and 244.12 times to PECC.

蓑草根系平均直径0.20~0.50mm， 95%的根系平均直径小于0.40mm，根系总表面积10139.68cm^2，在土壤表层根系表面积高达土体表面积的2~3倍，根系表面对土壤颗粒的巨大吸附作用是蓑草显著提高土壤抗侵蚀能力的另一个重要原因。2003~2004年的监测结果表明，在12度坡度情况下，坡改梯后净作蓑草年径流量仅49.90立方公尺/hm^2，年土壤流失量为155.78kg/hm^2，而未坡改梯且农作情况下，年径流量314.29立方公尺／hm^2为前者的6.30倍，年土壤流失量3322.50Kg/hm^2为前者的21.33倍；在24度坡度情况下，坡改梯后土埂及边坡种植蓑草、坡面农作年径流量248.04立方公尺/hm^2，年土壤流失量612.00kg/hm^2，坡改梯后净作蓑草径流量42.44立方公尺/hm^2，土坡流失量l53.75kg/hm^2，而未坡改梯且农作情况下年径流量高达785.73立方公尺/hm^2，分别为处理1的3.17倍，处理2的18.52倍，年土壤流失量高达37503kg/hm^2，分别为处理1的61.33倍，处理2的244.12倍。

The secondary root number per plant of Yumai No 49,a mi d-s trength quality wheat,is the smallest among the three varieties except the winte r stage but its root system quality is the best;the intensity of reducing TTC an d the activity of SOD of fresh wheat root are the highest during the period fro m winter stage to flag leaf stage.Since flag leaf stage,its physiological charac ters are weaker and have bigger variation during whole stage.The secondary root number per plant of Yumai No 50,a soft quality wheat,is the biggest except duri ng winter stage,and its dry weight of root of single plant is the heaviest in ev ery stage.Before 19th,March,its intensity of reducing TTC is the weakest and dec reases abruptly after flag leaf stage,but its activity of SOD decreases slowly.R oot dry weight per plant of Yumai No 34,a high quality wheat,is the smallest amo ng the three varieties and its root system quality is the weakest.Before jointin g stage,the intensity of reducing TTC is stronger,but after that,it decreases sl owly though it is smaller,and the activity of SOD decreases slowly in every stag e.

中筋小麦豫麦49号除越冬初期外，其它各时期单株次生根条数均为最少，单株根干重介于豫麦34号及豫麦50号之间，单根质量高；越冬初期至挑旗期，根系活力、根中SOD活性均强于其它两个品种，挑旗后，根系生理活性较小，整个生育期根系生理活性变化幅度大；弱筋小麦豫麦50号除越冬初期外，其它各时期单株次生根条数均最多，单株根干重各时期均为最大；拔节前根系活力最弱，挑旗后根系活力下降幅度较大，根中SOD活性较强且各时期变化幅度不大；强筋小麦豫麦34号，单株根干重最小，根系质量最差；拔节前根系活力较强，拔节后根系活动较弱，下降速度缓慢，根中SOD活性各时期变化幅度较小。

GE.Hubb root is from 0.20mm to 0.50mm, and 95% roots' diameter is thinner than 0.40mm. The total surface areas of roots is 10139.68cm2, and the surface areas of roots is about 2 to 3 times to soil surface areas in the surface layer. Enlacing and concretion to soil profile of eulaliopsis binata Retz.

蓑草根系平均直径0.20mm—0.50mm，95%的根系平均直径小于0.40mm，根系总表面积10139.68cm~2，在土壤表层根系表面积高达土体表面积的2-3倍，根系表面对土壤颗粒的巨大吸附作用是蓑草显著提高土壤抗侵蚀能力的另一个重要原因。

In details, the strongest inhabitation to the shoot growth was observed when neutral soluble fractionates were supplied. The shoot biomass with neutral soluble fractionates added was decreased by 10.52% over the blank control, resulting in obvious increase of root: shoot ratio. It suggests that the root exudates would be self-poisonous. Besides, both acid and alkaline soluble fractionates exhibited the trend to increase the stem height and it is necessary to exploit the reasons.

在培养液中，分别加入分组的烤烟根系分泌物，均显著降低根系对NO_3~-、H_2PO_4~-、K~+离子的吸收和根系活力，推测根系分泌物中产生抑制作用的物质可作用在相当宽的pH范围；其中，碱溶性组分对H_2PO_4~-、酸溶性组分对K~+、中性组分对NO_3的吸收和根系活力的抑制作用较强，推测在烤烟根系分泌物中，可能存在多种抑制烤烟生K和养分吸收的化学物质；另外，抑制作用随着根系分泌物浓度的增加而增强。

Fancy gold-plated dangling earrings with facetted White Opal crystals.

花式镀金悬垂耳环与facetted白欧泊水晶。

This essay chooses the study aim from biology teachers in middle school in Shi Jiazhuang which tells us that most of the middle school biology teachers in Shi Jiazhuang have the"burnout", lower successfulness, individualize.

本文选取石家庄市初中生物教师作为研究对象，运用问卷调查的方法对石家庄市初中生物教师职业倦怠的现状进行调查，调查结果发现，石家庄市初中生物教师这一群体普遍存在职业倦怠，情感枯竭程度偏高，成就感偏低，去个性化程度最为严重。