根据经验的

In chapter three, various theories and experience on the dispersion of nano-powders proposed by former researchers were generalized and reviewed. Technical standards and experimental process for determining technological parameters were suggested for the dispersion of nano-scaled metal oxides in aqueous medium according to their surface wettability, surface charge, the dependence of surface charge on pH and the compatibility of surfactants with pH and pH adjusting agents. Based on these suggested standards and experimental method, highly stable and dispersive aqueous suspensoid of nm-ZnO, nm-TiO〓, nm-Co〓O〓 and nm-MnO powders were prepared successfully and surface modification on these nano-powders was also achieved.

本文第三章通过大量的文献调研，归纳总结了前人在纳米粒子分散技术方面的理论和经验，并在此基础上根据纳米氧化物粉体的表面润湿性、表面电性及其与分散介质pH值的关系、表面活性剂及其与pH调节剂的配伍关系设计了纳米氧化物水分散体系的工艺规范以及确定工艺参数的通用实验步骤，成功地制备了纳米氧化锌、纳米二氧化钛、纳米氧化钴和纳米氧化锰的高稳定分散悬浮液并实现了干粉体的表面改性，为纳米材料在氧化锌压敏电阻中的应用创造了第二个前提条件。

The demand for labor force has been continuingly increased with the fast development of Chinese economy.

随着中国经济的快速发展，对劳动力的需求持续增加，与此同时，劳动力的成本也水涨船高，2007年，对于身处加工制造业密集的中国广东珠三角地区的企业来说，更是迎来了一个新的挑战：&民工荒&，尽管相对以前的年份，企业给了员工相对较高的加薪幅度，但员工的跳槽现象却是愈演愈烈，根据笔者在制造业企业多年的管理经验，对薪酬的不满意是导致员工离职的首要原因，因此，本论文的主要目的是针对各种层次的一线员工，调查其对目前薪酬的看法，从中寻找提高一线员工薪酬满意度的方法，并因此降低企业的一线员工离职率，减少企业的用工成本，为企业提供切实可行的参考意见。

The author also presents the following phenomena which must have significant implications on the mental health of children in many countries in Asia . 1 Nuclearization of the family system and alarming increase of divorce, 2 Reduction of the number of children in a family, 3 Rising number of working mothers and women ? s equal right movement, 4 Lack of opportunity for parents to learn how to raise a child, 5 Steep competition and exclusive emphasis on scholastic achievement in school, 6 Marked changes in value orientations from traditional to modern ones, 7 Confusing and often contradictory advices by "experts" and "professionals" on child rearing and child education, 8 New tides of globalization and confounding co-existence of multi-cultures in most countries and emergences of virtual world, IT and BT industry in some advanced countries, resulting in new forms of psychopathology such as 'internet addiction' and extreme social isolation.Implications of these findings in terms of interventions and prevention for mental health children in developing countries are discussed in developmental, ecological and ethological points of view.

作者提出在大多数亚洲国家存在儿童抚养问题危机，主要依据以下观察：①避孕和意外怀孕②逃避和拒绝抚养，虐待儿童，遗弃幼童③不恰当的早期抚养④不恰当的/不够充分的教育，过度保护和过度控制⑤性别角色和态度改变⑥对智力发展拔苗助长以及学习成绩的压力作者还提出了以下几种现象，它们与亚洲国家的儿童精神健康有着密切关联：①家庭体系核心化和令人担忧的离婚率猛增②家庭成员中儿童数量的减少③职业妇女做母亲及妇女解放运动的兴起④父母亲抚养孩子经验不足⑤学校对学习成绩的过分强调合潜在的竞争压力⑥传统价值观在现代化的冲击中发生明显的变化⑦所谓&专家&和&权威人士&对孩子抚养和教育的观点众说纷纭⑧全球化新潮及多种文化共存的问题，虚拟世界的出现，发达国家 IT 、 BT 工业引发新型精神病理现象如&网络成瘾&和极端的社会隔绝根据这些发现，如何干涉和预防发展中国家的儿童精神健康问题，我们将从精神发育、生物学、行为学观点进行阐述。

Nuclearization of the family system and alarming increase of divorce, 2 Reduction of the number of children in a family, 3 Rising number of working mothers and womens equal right movement, 4 Lack of opportunity for parents to learn how to raise a child, 5 Steep competition and exclusive emphasis on scholastic achievement in school, 6 Marked changes in value orientations from traditional to modern ones, 7 Confusing and often contradictory advices by "experts" and "professionals" on child rearing and child education, 8 New tides of globalization and confounding co-existence of multi-cultures in most countries and emergences of virtual world, IT and BT industry in some advanced countries, resulting in new forms of psychopathology such as 'internet addiction' and extreme social isolation.Implications of these findings in terms of interventions and prevention for mental health children in developing countries are discussed in developmental, ecological and ethological points of view.

作者提出在大多数亚洲国家存在儿童抚养问题危机，主要依据以下观察：①避孕和意外怀孕②逃避和拒绝抚养，虐待儿童，遗弃幼童③不恰当的早期抚养④不恰当的/不够充分的教育，过度保护和过度控制⑤性别角色和态度改变⑥对智力发展拔苗助长以及学习成绩的压力作者还提出了以下几种现象，它们与亚洲国家的儿童精神健康有着密切关联：①家庭体系核心化和令人担忧的离婚率猛增②家庭成员中儿童数量的减少③职业妇女做母亲及妇女解放运动的兴起④父母亲抚养孩子经验不足⑤学校对学习成绩的过分强调合潜在的竞争压力⑥传统价值观在现代化的冲击中发生明显的变化⑦所谓&专家&和&权威人士&对孩子抚养和教育的观点众说纷纭⑧全球化新潮及多种文化共存的问题，虚拟世界的出现，发达国家IT、BT 工业引发新型精神病理现象如&网络成瘾&和极端的社会隔绝根据这些发现，如何干涉和预防发展中国家的儿童精神健康问题，我们将从精神发育、生物学、行为学观点进行阐述。

With reference to relevant experience both from home and abroad, diversified source of capital should be introduced to invest in urban infrastructure construction. Besides government fund,the infrastructure financing channel should be expanded and social capital should be attracted to take part in urban infrastructure construction. Meantime, current infrastructure operating approach should be altered to improve investment efficiency of government"s fund .In addition , sources of capital and their application should be standardized as well. Generally speaking, ideas in the article could be concluded as "market-based operation, socialized investment, plural debt, direct financing, limited withdraw of government and positive intervene of private capital. The article also put forward six measures to make all the ideas and suggestions operatable.

本文在对浙江省城市基础设施投融资现状和体制情况进行分析的基础上，根据公共产品理论、项目区分理论、基础设施可销售性评估等理论，借鉴国内外的相关经验，提出了建立高效的浙江省城市基础设施投融资体制的建议和对策，即以投资多元化、服务社会化、发展产业化、运营市场化为导向，调动可利用的资金用于城市基础设施投资，规范资金的来源和使用，改变基础设施经营方式，提高政府资金的使用效率，吸引社会资金参与城市基础设施建设，拓展城市基础设施融资渠道，实现&市场化运作、社会化投入、多元负债、直接融资，政府有限退出、民资积极介入&，实现&以城养城&的发展模式，并提出了六个方面的具体对策和措施。

Bɑsed on the nɑtionɑl conditions in Chinɑɑnd mɑny yeɑr's experience developing ɑgriculturɑl insurɑnce,this pɑper suggests 6 countermeɑsures ɑimed ɑt developing ɑgriculturɑl insurɑnce in Chinɑ:Enhɑncing the insurɑnce consciousness of fɑrmers ɑnd mɑke ɑ trɑnsition from relying on government to self-guɑrɑntee in relief to ɑgriculture;Bɑcking up the ɑgriculturɑl insurɑnce in policy;Estɑblishing ɑ new system of compensɑtion for ɑgriculturɑl cɑlɑmities on the bɑsis of domestic conditions;Integrɑting the operɑtio...

从我国的基本国情出发，总结我国发展农业保险的多年经验，提出了发展我国农业保险的六大对策：强化广大农民的保险意识，使农业救灾从依赖政府向自我保障转换；对农业保险给予政策上的支持；依据国情，建立新的灾害补偿制度；农业保险的经营要与农村经济的发展有机地结合起来；建立国家农业保险公司的同时，根据不同地区的经济发展水平，实行农业保险的多种经营模式；加强农业保险管理机构的建设，重视农业保险人才的培养

To avoid the collision accidents of ships at sea, with the universalizing and application of computer, and the development and maturity of the technology of Expert System and Artificial Intelligent, this paper developed an intelligent collision avoidance expert system for navigation. The main research work centers on several aspects, which will be represented as below:By the navigation rules" understanding and analyzing, and by the navigation experience and navigation samples" collecting and trimming, we put forth and build a multi-unit and layering KB systematic structure, and implement the KBM. According to features of different knowledge, we adopt multifarious KR, such as: frame KR, production rule KR, procedure KR. We also build a multi-inference system, which based on analog inference, forward illation inference, conversion inference and meta-rule inference. At the same time, we develop each reasoning algorithm. For some problems in collision avoidance region during the building of the expert system, we put forth and build a set of models to solve them using neural network technology.

为了避免船舶间碰撞事故的发生，结合计算机技术在各类船舶中的普及与应用、专家系统技术及人工智能技术的发展、成熟，本文研制、开发了一种具有一定智能的航海避碰专家系统，主要内容包括以下几个方面：通过对航海规则的理解与分析，对航海经验、航海实例的搜集、整理，提出并建立起了航海避碰专家系统的多元分层知识库体系结构，并实现了知识库的管理；根据不同知识的特点，分别采用了框架、产生式规则、过程等多种知识表示方法；提出了一种基于类比推理、正向演绎推理、换位推理及元级推理等的多种推理机制，并建立起了相应的推理算法；引入神经网络技术，针对在建立专家系统过程中所遇到的有关避碰领域内的一些难题，提出并建立了相应解决问题的模型，其中包括：船舶类型的识别，会遇态势的分类及避碰危险的评估。

This paper using the FEM software Marc, for the 50 and 60 degree V groove of flat plate butt joint simulate the one-layer and three layers welding, finish each welding and cooling it down to room-temperature then start the next welding true represent process and get the temperature field, residual deformation and welding residual stress, according to the theory analysis and empirical equation verified the temperature field and residual deformation all correct, comparison with experiment verified the welding residual stress regularity and correctly.

本文利用有限元软件Marc，对开60°和50°V型坡口的平板对接接头，动态的模拟了单层单道打底焊，焊完一道后让试件冷却到室温以及单层单道满焊，每焊完一道后让试件冷却，然后再焊下一焊道，道间温度≤200℃，在以此为初始边界条件下开始下一道的焊接，真实的再现了焊接过程，得出了温度场，残余变形和残余应力场的分布规律，根据理论分析及经验公式验证了温度场以及残余变形的正确性，角变形的大小，这些结果与数值计算相吻合。通过与实验测得的残余应力进行比较，验证了焊接残余应力的分布规律及模拟的正确性。

Children asked questions out of curiosity and therefore their inquiry is used to provide suggestion, offer doubts, lead for discussion, and ask for supports. Secondly, in the beginning reading period, children use illustration and give impromptus performance to guess and predict the plot of story. During the discussion period, children respond in six ways. Children ask more questions on the previous problems. The reading texts are used as basis for clarification and rational explanation for unreasonable points. Children's reading experience, their life experience, and self-creative stories are used to provide detailed explanation on contracted and unclear reading texts. Thirdly, children's response on reading can be divided into two types: concrete and abstract. Concrete responses include practical suggestion, illustration imagination, and plot deduction. Abstract responses include discussing characters' feelings, conversing about imagination outside the texts, and exploring and metaphors.

质疑、引导谈话、徵求支持的目的；(2)初次阅读时，儿童会以猜测与预测故事发展、为图画提供说明以及即兴表演的方式进行回应，而阅读讨论阶段则有六种回应方式：针对提出的问题再予延伸发问、以文本内容为澄清问题的根据、为不合理处提出可能的合理的解释、填补缝隙，将文本中较为简略或不够详尽之处，赋予更多细节说明、提供自己的经验以为例证以及改编或自创故事；(3)儿童阅读回应之重心可分具体、抽象二种主题类型，具体的回应主题以实用性建议、图像联想、推理情节为主；抽象概念之回应主题则以探讨角色的情感、漫谈故事之外的联想、探索隐含的寓意为主。

The seismic disasters features and behavior mechanisms of the buriedwater supply pipeline are analyzed by synthesis and the breakage of thepipe joints caused by seismic wave propagation as main disasters mode isled into. The soil-pipe interaction, and the soil-pipe slippage arediscussed. Statistical experience method resulted from earthquakeinvestigations and theoretical methods based on reliability theory areintroduced. The reliability of buried pipeline is researched. The methodfor estimate connective reliability of network by means of Monte Carlesimulation technique and Breadth First Search method is introduced. Theconnective reliability of water supply pipe network is researched.

本文综合分析了地下供水管道的地震破坏特征和反应机理，引入了以接头破坏作为主要的破坏模式，并探讨了管土间的相互作用和滑移作用等问题；介绍了根据震害调查数据回归的统计经验法和基于可靠性理论的理论分析法，对地下管道的可靠性进行了研究；介绍了利用蒙特卡罗法和网络图论中的广度优先搜索法判定网络连通可靠度的方法，对供水管网的连通可靠性进行了研究；考虑到震害预测方法中的许多参数是随时间变化的，应用灰色理论和概率论，建立了基于GIS 的供水管网动态震害预测模型。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。