核变体

Centromeres could be identified easily on the bivalents at diplotene, so it was convenient to analyse the karyotype.

结果表明，日本沼虾染色体数n=52，2n=104，据双线期二价体的相对长度、着丝点位置以及形态诸方面的特点分析了核型，共分为A，B，C，D4个染色体组，核型组成是N=37M+4ST+11T；初级精母细胞减数分裂前期I可分为细线期/偶线期、粗线期、双线期和终变期5个时期，双线期的二价体存在弥散阶段，核仁明显，且双线期二价体着丝点清晰，给核型分析带来了方便。

In this thesis the process of constructing the non-perturbative Hamiltonian theory is de-scribed and is applied to estimate the vacuum condensate. It contains the following contents:At the very beginning, by using the path integral method and eliminating the gluon freedom, aGCM action 〓 of current quarks including lower order current-current coupling was derivedfrom the QCD Lagrangian and the effective Hamiltonian operator that could hardly be doneby the normal methods was derived. After doing this, the broken vacuum is introduced whichincludes quark-antiquark condensate through the generalized Bogoliubov-Valatin transformation,the effective Hamiltonian of constituent quark was derived. The detailed formulas containingthe spatial current-current coupling term for the effective Hamiltonian and gap equations wasworked out by parameterizing the correlation kernel as a quadratic potential. And then, the gapequation was solved and the quark-antiquark condensate of vacuum was studied both in the casesof instantaneous interaction and retarded interaction. In the end, the effective Hamiltionian withtwo-body quark-quark interaction was derived with one-body approximation, and with the helpof the functional integral method the coupling non-linear dynamic equations for systems withnuclear matter was derived. Finally, these equations were solved by selfconsistent method andthe effect of nuclear matter on vacuum condensate was studied. The spatial current-current coupling term is too difficult to handle, hence the correlationkernel is assumed to be not important and usually omitted in the pure vacuum condensate, andthe instantaneous interaction generally is adopted. Retaining the spatial current-current termand partial retardation effect, the quark pairs condensate in pure vacuum was studied, and theeffect of quark mass was also studied. At present, little study is focused in the case with nuclearmatter and spatial current-current term also omitted. Under the approximation with partialspatial current-current term, the effect of nuclear matter on vacuum condensate was studied.

本论文描述了量子色动力学整体色对称模型哈密顿量方法的构建过程，得到了反映正反夸克对凝聚真空结构的关于组分夸克的有效哈密顿量算符，它隐含了胶子作用，并且准确至流-流耦合项；接着，通过参数化哈密顿量中的夸克作用关联核，导出平方禁闭势参数化选择的哈密顿量的具体公式和能隙方程；随后，应用公式，编程求解，考察了瞬时作用下和部分延迟作用下真空的正反夸克对凝聚，在计算中保留了空间流-流耦合作用；之后，导出瞬时势和延迟势下包含二体作用项的哈密顿量公式，并采用单体化近似，通过泛函变分方法得到核物质存在时耦合的非线性动力学方程；在保留部分空间双流耦合作用的近似下，求解核物质的动力学方程，考察核物质密度对真空凝聚的影响，以往考察真空凝聚，对关联核的选用，由于空间流-流耦合项不易处理，也认为作用不大，常忽略该项，并且常采用瞬时作用；本文保留空间双流项和部分延迟作用，考察了真空情形的夸克对凝聚，还考察了夸克质量对纯真空凝聚的影响，以往对核物质存在情形的真空凝聚考察很少，也都忽略空间流-流项，本文在考虑部分空间流-流项近似下，考察了核物质存在对真空凝聚的影响。

These variants change the conformation and stability of nucleosome to facilitate transcriptional activation or deactivation, DNA repairing, heterochromatin formation, and others.

这些变体通过改变核小体的空间构象和稳定性，决定基因转录的激活或沉默，DNA的修复，染色体的异染色化等。

The formation of martensite is accomplished by the immigration of well-defined glissile interface (121)fcc type and its misfit dislocations can produce the lattice invariant deformation on the basis of phenomenal theory of martensitic crystallography, however, LID is retarded slightly after the migration of interphase (121)fcc, i.e.a thin plate-like zone exists without LID in martensite near the well-defined interface. When the temperature reduces to the Ms point, the lattice parameter of austenite matrix is √3/2 times that of the martensite without LID. This critical condition for spontaneous transformation agrees with that the stack fault energy in matrix is less than zero according to Olson and Cohen's nucleation model.

通过模型分析表明：fcc/bcc马氏体形核与长大过程是通过(121)fcc型择优界面推移进行的，界面上的错配位错可以完成马氏体晶体学唯象理论要求的点阵不变变形，但LID要稍滞后于界面迁移，即在马氏体形核与长大过程中推移界面新相一侧存在一未发生LID的新相薄区；当相变温度达到马氏体相变点Ms时，母相奥氏体与这一薄区的晶格常数比为√3/2，这一几何条件和Olson-Cohen形核模型中要求扩展位错层错区界面能γ≤0是等价的。

Both the new peniculus 1 and the old haplokinety separated at the telophase.The two germinal rows germinal rowsfor both the daughter cells appeared almost at the same time;(2) The macronucleus became shorter and thicker, finally oblate during the division of the cell. Then the macronucleus restored its original shape, band-like form. The micronucleus were divided into two before the macronucleus division;(3) The original scopula and stalk contributed to the old cell. The new cell formed scopula gradually after the cell division.

同时，新仔虫的第一咽膜(P′1)也开始由老单毛基索复制，并在细胞分裂后期与老结构分离；(2)大核在虫体分裂过程中由长带状逐渐缩短变粗至扁圆形，于虫体即将分开时迅速拉长，然后分裂为二个新大核；小核分裂先于大核，在两仔虫口纤毛器即将分开时完成；(3)原帚胚及柄归属老仔虫，新仔虫的帚胚在虫体分裂后逐渐形成，柄内肌丝则在柄鞘形成后逐渐长出。

In resting cysts, the microtubules under the pellicle, cortical ciliatures, conjunctions between cilia basal bodies, supporting structure of basal bodies and other microtubule structures are absorbed in different extent; microtubule-like assemble bodies appear at the center of the remained cilia basal bodies; the granules of chromatin and nucleolus in macronucleus become smaller whereas nucleus pores of the micronucleus become bigger; the inner membrane of some nucleus pores are attached with chromatin.

结果表明：纤毛虫形成包囊过程中，皮层细胞质中产生具有自噬泡消化特征的细胞器，将部分纤毛结构等逐步消化；休眠包囊中，表膜下微管、皮层纤毛器和纤毛基体间连接、基体托架及其他微管结构不同程度地被吸收、在残剩纤毛基体的中央形成微管形结构聚合体，大核染色质和核仁颗粒变小，核孔增大，并发生染色质附着于核孔内膜的现象；细胞脱包囊期间，皮层细胞骨架、线粒体等经历了在残剩结构基础上的再分化。

The increase of austenite grain boundaries and crystal defects can increase the nucleation rate of ferrite transformation, but it has no direct effects on the pearlite transformation.

变形造成的奥氏体晶界面积和晶体缺陷的增加只是增加了铁素体相变的形核率，而对珠光体的形核却没有直接的影响。

In electron microscopy endothelial cell of capillary and mitochondrial was edematous obviously, the basement membranes were thickened. RGCs were vacuolated, chromatin of nucleus aggregated marginally decreased and densification. Some of RGCs were necrosis, nucleus were dissolved, mitochondria was edematous, the rough endoplasmic reticula decreased obviously.

电镜下视网膜毛细血管内皮细胞明显肿胀，胞体变圆，突向管腔，线粒体肿胀，空泡化，基底膜增厚，视网膜神经节细胞胞体变形，核明显固缩，核膜消失，胞浆空泡化，线粒体肿胀，细胞表面突起减少，多聚核糖体及粗面内质网显著减少。

However, the coarsened and less dispersive Ti〓Ni〓 precipitates do not affect the morphology of the R phase and provide the preferred nucleation sites for the martensite, but they prevent the martensite from its auto-catalytic nucleation and growth and, consequently, the martensite develops discontinuously in a clustering nature.

低弥散度的粗片状Ti〓Ni〓相不影响R相的形貌，而且为马氏体相变提供优先形核部位，同时又制约马氏体的自促发成核和生长，以致使马氏体呈群团状的区域式不连续发展。

In the ferrous martensite transformations, the lath martensite of substructure with high-density dislocations is made up of the transformation basic-units with same orientations whereas the plate-shaped martensite with twin substructure is made up of the basic-units with different orientations.

本文根据铁基合金马氏体和贝氏体显微组织观察以及晶体学位向关系测定，提出板条马氏体、孪晶马氏体和贝氏体铁素体均由相变基元构成，相变基元具有切变形核长大的晶体学特征。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。