校勘

All this ensures the steady growth of book inscribing culture coming down from the late Tang dynasty, and provides the Northern Song dynasty with technicians and technical support required to print master copies and collate books.

吴越国是这一时期具有印刷文化传统的重要国家，由于其保土安民的国策，对中原正统强国纳贡称臣，加之与书籍印刷相关的文化移民的涌入，从而导致晚唐延续而来的书籍刊刻文化在这一地区得以平稳发展，并为北宋时期的书籍刊刻准备了从印刷书籍母本到书籍校勘、印刷人才及技术的条件。

He performed the tedious task of collating texts.

他做了冗长而乏味的校勘原文工作。

The purpose of ancient book sifting can only be achieved by choosing a good edition and collating it carefully.

只有版本好，校勘好，才能得到好的版本，达到整理古籍的目的。

Wang Jisi,and focuses on its editing,selection of versions and the characteristics of collating.

本文对《全元戏曲》的编集方式、版本取舍、校勘特点及其在学术史上的意义，作了较深入的探讨

Chapter Four is the emendation part.

第四章是校勘部分。

Empson's imaginative reading not only differed him from those emendators and editors but made him distinctive among modern critics.

这种丰富的想象力不仅使燕卜荪和莎剧校勘家迥然不同，而且也使他有别于当代许多文学批评家。

Although Shangshu in Jinwen is abstruse, it is a most significant document and ancient book. Scholars of all ages have done textual research and dispelled doubts since Han Dynasty. And they have achieved great achievements in collating and exegetics of words.

今文《尚书》艰深难读，但又是一部十分重要的文献古籍，因此，自汉代以来，历代学者都对其文字进行考释，在文字校勘及训诂方面取得了很大成就。

Chapter one is "Introduction". On the basis of summarizing the history of the study of the pictophonetic characters, we suppose some theoretical principle, such as the principle of the correspondence between the form and the meaning of the individual graph of Chinese characters, the principle of the total graphs of Chinese characters being a character-formation system, and the principle of the optimum development of the character -formation system in the history, and som analytic methods, such as the methods of structrue-function analysis, form-position analysis and meaning factor analysis, in the study of the pictophonetic characters. Chapter two is titled"General knwledge of the pictophonetic character." We discuss their origins, nature and some standards of distingnishing them, introduce the knowledge about the editions of SHUO WEN JIE ZI, analyse the functions of the modules of pictophonetic characters in detail, discuss concretely the function of phonetic graphs showing origins and pronunciations, the function of meaning graphs showing meanings and analogies, and the function of distinguishment when the two kinds of graphs are conbined. Chapter three is"The system of meaning graphs of Xiao Zhuan system."After we describe the structure of the meaning graph system, the relations between meaning graphs, the distributions of the function of meaning graphs showing meanings, and the frequency of all this kind of graphs, we get a table of all meaning graphs, a table of the frequency. Chapter four is"The system of phonetic graphs of Xiao Zhuan system."We describe the structure of the phonetic graph system, the relations between phonetic graphs, and between their function showing origins and their function showing pronunciations, and their frequency, then we get ageneral table of phonetic graphs and table of their frequency. Chapter five is "conclusion". We think that systematical methodology is useful in describing and analysing the formation system of Chinese characters. The methodology is adaptable in describing the formation system of modern Chinese characters as well as the historical character systems, adaptable in describing horizontally as well as comparing vertically. Only when we finish the systematical vertical compare on the base of systematical horizontal decription, could we know the true history of the system of Chinese characters, recover the rule of the system's development, and supply the theoretical supports for the scientifical arrangement of modern Chinese characters.

第一部分—绪论，在总结形声字研究历史状况的基础上，提出了研究形声系统的理论原则和分析方法，即汉字个体字符形义统一的思想，汉字字符集合构形系统的思想，汉字构形系统历史演变系统优化的思想等三项理论原则和结构功能分析法，形位分析法，义素分析法等三种分析方法，还扼要地介绍了具体的工作程序和论文的主要内容；第二部分—形声字概述，论述了形声字的来源、性质和鉴别标准，介绍了对《说文解字》正篆形声字说解中的传抄讹误，版本异文，说解错误校勘和考证的经过，详细分析了形声字构件的功能，具体讨论了声符的示源功能与示音功能，义符的示意功能与类化功能以及声符与义符组合中的相互区别功能；第三部分—小篆字系的义符系统，从义符系统的构成、义符间的相互关系，义符示意功能的分布及义符的构字频度等不同侧面，对义符系统进行了全面的描写，产生了义符总表、义符间意义关系总表和义符构字频度总表；第四部分—小篆字系形声字的声符系统，从声符系统的构成、声符间的相互关系，声符的示源功能与示音功能的关系以及声符的构字频度等不同侧面，对声符系统进行了全面描写，产生了声符总表和声符构字频度总表；第五部分—结束语，在全面测查小篆字系形声字的基础上，对研究汉字的方法和现代汉字发展方向的问题提出了一些看法，认为系统论的方法是描写和分析汉字构形系统行之有效的方法，系统论方法，不仅适用于历史上文字系统的描写，也适用于现代汉字构形系统的描写，不仅适用了断代描写，也适用于历史比较，只有在对汉字断代系统描写的基础上进行系统的历史比较，才能认清汉字系统历史演变的真相，揭示汉字系统发展的客观规律，为科学地整理现代汉字提供理论上的依据。

Both of them have an important value on the study of phonology, philology and scholium. Based on the collation, this paper is to do a in-depth research from philology and scholium.

基于二者对汉语音韵、文字、训诂研究的重要价值所在，本文在校勘的基础上，从文字、训诂的角度对两类写卷进行了较为深入的研究。

Textual Criticism of the ancient books includes punctuating, annotating, complementing and many other jobs. This book deliberates on the common types of mistakes, ways to detect problems, collating methods, how to take collatin motes, and points for attention, etc. Basing on his own rich experience over the years, and combining Mr. Cheng Yuan's collating methods with his own , the author presents us a detailed exposition of the important role textual criticism plays in sorting out ancient books, and the ways to do the collating job satisfactorily.

校勘士籍包括标点、注解、辑佚等多方面的工作，本书从古书讹误情况、如何发现问题、校勘方法、如何作校勘记、校勘注意事项等诸方面，根据自己多年的实际经验，并结合陈垣的校勘方法，对校勘在古籍整理中的作用、如何作好校勘工作作了系统详尽的论述。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。