树状结构

During the postgenomics era the information about genomic sequence and gene functions provides a new foundation for evolutionary biology and ecology As the first whole-genome sequenced plant Arabidopsis thaliana and its wild relatives have played a critical role in understanding the evolution of genomics and speciation Both A halleri and A lyrata are closely related to the model species A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera occurs in northeastern China Japan and Taiwan; while its sister A halleri ssp halleri is mainly distributed in Europe Geographical barriers such as Tienshan Mountain Range isolate these intraspecific sisters Likewise A lyrata ssp kamchatica and ssp lyrata occur in East Asia and North America respectively Such distribution patterns seem to be consistent with allopartic speciation The comparison between ancestral and extant polymorphism by multilocus can be informative about the population genetics of speciation In this study we collected and analyzed DNA sequences of 98 genes from four wild relatives of A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera A halleri ssp halleri A lyrata ssp kamchatica and A lyrata ssp lyrata The ancestral states of these four species were compared to each other in terms of level of genetic variation However the ancestral species at the time of speciation were substantially more polymorphic than the extant geographical populations The observations are not fully compatible with speciation by strict allopatry At some species pairs parapatric speciation seems more reasonable in speciation of Arabidopsis The 98 gene sequences are also used for the congruence test between gene genealogy and species phylogeny Only 28 genes support the species phylogeny but there are 23 genes supports another major genealogy { lyrata} thaliana Based on the phylogenetic position change of A lyrata ssp kamchatica and Ks value for each species pair suggested the recent directional gene flow between A halleri ssp gemmifera and A lyrata ssp kamchatica

阿拉伯芥是第一个完成基因体定序的开花植物，其基因体资讯提供植物学研究的重要依据；在解析阿拉伯芥属物种的亲缘关系以及种化机制等重要的演化议题时，阿拉伯芥近缘的野生物种自然成了不可或缺的关键；跟阿拉伯芥近缘的物种包括A halleri及A lyrata，其中A halleri ssp gemmifera主要分布於中国东北、日本以及台湾，与近缘的A halleri ssp halleri其分布於欧洲隔著天山及大陆的障蔽，而A lyrata ssp kamchatica主要分布於东北亚及台湾，与分布於北美五大湖的A lyrata ssp lyrata被北极圈所分隔，这样的分布模式暗示异域种化的可能。藉由多基因分析比较祖先物种与现生物种遗传歧异度的相关可提供讯息探讨种化时期的族群遗传结构，本研究针对A halleri ssp gemmifera、A halleri ssp halleri及A lyrata ssp kamchatica、A lyrata ssp lyrata四个物种，两对互为亚种的姊妹群，以阿拉伯芥为外群进行研究，在四个物种完成98个同源基因的分子序列，利用套装软体MCMCcoal来估算祖先物种的遗传变异，亦估算现生物种的核苷酸歧异度，观察到？多物种配对中祖先物种遗传多型性大於现生物种DNA歧异度，显示异域种化模型并无法完全解释阿拉伯芥属物种的种化模式，在某些物种配对间邻域种化模式应比异域种化更为可能；在基因树与物种树的比较，98个基因片段的亲缘模式只有28个是与已知物种树一致的，有23个基因其树状图支持{ lyrata} thaliana的型式，藉由kamchatica位置的变化以及估算各物种配对间的平均同义置换率，推测在A halleri ssp gemmifera与A lyrata ssp kamchatica间具有近代的单方向基因交流。

Many dendritic projections appeared at the adherent cells gradually observed by light microscope; By scaning electron microscope, typical"veiled"DC appeared with abundance of gauffer and the edge of the veil made of graded dendritic projections; all kinds of DC conjected and composed of cluster by the projections. 2. The percentages of CD markers were CD123/54. 5, CD11c/88. 99, CD40/56. 65, CD1a/69. 36, CD86/92. 57, CD80/70.79, CD83/85. 91. 3. The numbers of T cells expressing CD69 has been increased strikly (CD4+CD69+/19. 05%; CD8+CD69+/21. 93%). 4. The augment of percentages of CD3+, CD25+, CD45RO+/CD45RA+, CD4+/CD28and CD8+/CD28- and the decrease of CD28+ and CD45RO-/CD45RA+ in both the CD4+ and the CD8+ T cells could be exemed.

光镜下见贴壁细胞在培养过程中（7天）逐渐长出长短不一树突状突起，细胞形态不一；电镜观察到DC表面呈多层"面纱"覆盖，有大量皱褶，"面纱"边缘有长短不一的不规则的树突状突起，每个突起有多级分枝；AFM见DC细胞的"面纱"状结构是由多级树突状突起相互缠绕形成的，各个DC细胞之间的突起相互连接，构成集落； 2。

There are distinct differences between English and Chinese in the aspect of sentence structures. The basic and universal differences are that English is hypotactic, static and tree-like while Chinese is paratactic, dynamic and bamboo-like.

英汉两种语言在句法结构方面有很大的差异，其中最为基础性和普遍性的差异为：英语句子重形和、汉语句子重意和，英语是静态型语言、汉语是动态型语言，英语句法结构象树状、汉语句法结构象竹状。

Coordinate sequence method is made up of the instruct information of polygon boundary x, y coordinate. It is the easiest polygon vector encoding method. The file structure of this method is easy, but because of the polygon boundary has stored two times, it will produce data redundancy, moreover, short of neighbor threshold information; Tree index encoding method make all the boundary points digitizing, store the coordinate sequence, connect the point index to boundary line, and then connect the line index to other polygons, so as to the tree index structure has came into being. It eliminates neighbor polygons boundary data redundancy problems; Topology structure encoding method is a method which by setting up a complete topology relationship structure, resolve the neighbor threshold and island information process problem. However, it makes arithmetic more complicated and makes database bigger.

坐标序列法是由多边形边界的x，y坐标对集合及说明信息组成，是最简单的一种多边形矢量编码法，文件结构简单，但多边形边界被存储两次产生数据冗余，而且缺少邻域信息；树状索引编码法是将所有边界点进行数字化，顺序存储坐标对，由点索引与边界线号相联系，以线索引与各多边形相联系，形成树状索引结构，消除了相邻多边形边界数据冗余问题；拓扑结构编码法是通过建立一个完整的拓扑关系结构，彻底解决邻域和岛状信息处理问题的方法，但增加了算法的复杂性和数据库的大小。

Two novel fractal network microchannel heat sinks are originated, namely, the biomimetic fractal tree-like microchannel net born of mammiferous aspiratory system and the biomimetic fractal comby microchannel net born of natural honeycomb.

首次提出并加工出了树状分形结构微管道网络换热器和仿蜂巢结构微管道网络换热器；分别对2种硅制分形结构微管道网络换热器的流动与换热特性进行分析，并与平行阵列型微管道换热器进行了对比。

A few nonadherent cells in the culture system couldn't interfere in the generation of DC. The structure of"veil"of DC made of graded dendritic projections twiested enlarged the area of membrane and became the foundation of structure to capture antigens.

四、结论： 1。该方法可以诱导出的成熟DC细胞，形态典型，而且少量悬浮细胞不影响DC细胞的分化和成熟；&面纱&状结构是由多级树突状突起相互缠绕形成，扩大了DC细胞的膜结构，是有效捕获抗原的结构基础； 2。

The paper sees Horton code as a primary characteristic value and generalizing condition of the river network, and selects, simplifies and generalizes river based on scale of before and after generalization,, The main contents of paper include:(1)Reviews generalization concept, arithmetic operators, methods, influence factor and frame of map generalization and design, analyze core theory of feature —oriented map generalization, discuss the main context and applicable method of river feature generalization(2) Summarizes natural form and spatial configuration characteristic of the river network, and describe the river network using digraph Paper mostly researches tree —like river, identifies the direction of river based on the angle of the main and secondary reach, and identifies the main river based on most length and predominant continuation of the flow direction along the major channel , then receives the grade of river by recursion and structuralize river network, builds hiberarchy rank system of river based on Horton coding(3)Designs the model of river network based on Horton code, and organizes the data of node, branch and river.

本论文把Horton编码作为水系网的一个主要特征值并以此作为综合条件，并根据综合前后的比例尺对水系网进行选取、化简和概括。论文的主要工作包括：(1)总结地图综合的概念、算子分解、实现方法、主要影响因素和总体设计框架，分析面向地理特征的制图综合的核心理论支撑，在此基础上讨论水系专题要素综合的主要内容和综合适用的方法。(2)总结水系网的自然形态和空间结构特征，用图论对水系网进行描述。以树状水系作为主要研究对象，依据树状水系的主支流交汇关系确定水系流向，依据水系中主流的长度最长和主流保持原有的流向趋势确定主流，按此递归得到河流的不同级别，对基于河段组织的水系网结构化，自动建立水系的Horton编码。(3)设计基于Horton码的水系网模型，对结点、河段、河流和河系的数据进行有效的组织。

KFSensors Explorer type interface includes a port tree structure that color codes those ports depending on how recently the have been attacked.

kfsensors探险家型接口包括一个港口的树状结构，即色码这些港口视乎如何近来也受到攻击。

Tree Class - Class for presenting tree structures in C++.

在C++中提供对树状结构表示的类。

After playing the game for a short time, I realized that it was just walking a tree structure of questions and "things".

打了很短的时间的比赛，我意识到这只是走的问题和&东西&的树状结构。

I didn't watch TV last night, because it .

昨晚我没有看电视，因为电视机坏了。

Since this year, in a lot of villages of Beijing, TV of elevator liquid crystal was removed.

今年以来，在北京的很多小区里，电梯液晶电视被撤了下来。