树冠火

The article incorporates Huygens' principle with existing fire behavior models of surface fire spread, crown fire spread, fire acceleration, builds forest fire simulation models which fit to Anning's terrain, and develops related dynamic modules for Yunnan Province. The experiment explores the spread of forest fires based on the Yunnan's special topography simulation.

利用惠更斯原理进行林火蔓延模拟，结合国际上成熟的林火行为模型（Rothermel的地表火模型，Van Wagner的树冠火蔓延模型，McAlpine的林火加速模型），建立适合云南省特殊地形的林火蔓延动态模型，并开发相应的动态模拟模块，在云南特殊地形地貌上的林火蔓延模拟做出一定探索。

Theory analysis and burning test show that fuelbreaks can prevent surface fire and crown fireeffectively.

6通过理论分析和试验验证，证明防火林带可以有效阻隔地表火和树冠火。

The results show that if the edges of Larix principis-rupprechtii are pruned at height of 2.5m in the area, the crown fire may be prevented.

结果表明，该地区华北落叶松人工林林缘采取2.5？m高的修枝措施，可有效防止树冠火的发生。

The experimental results show that the vector simulation method practically integrated single surface fire spread, crown fire spread, fire acceleration, fuel-fire and fuel moisture.

实验结果证明矢量的模拟方法是集成单个的地表火、树冠火、加速、飞火和可燃物含水率模型的更实际的技术。

Firstly, taking crown fire as the typical object, we studied the thermal radiationeffect of crown fire to the construction and built the WUI fire behave model.

首先，以典型树冠火为对象，研究典型树冠火对建筑的热辐射影响，从而建立城镇森林交界域典型的火行为模型。

Main research works are as follows:(1) Numerical simulation of turbulent flow and combustion in power plant furnace (2) Numerical simulation of fire spread and crown fire in forest fire behave (3) Numerical simulation of burning process of large space building (4) Numerical simulation of three-dimensional fluid flow of satellite cabin in microgravity environment (5) Numerical simulation of burning process of multi-rooms It shows that the ability of FAC3 and FZ code is strong and the code is widely used for practical problems.

研究工作主要涉及以下几个方面：（1）电站煤粉锅炉流场的数值分析（2）林火行为中火蔓延和树冠火等特性的数值研究（3）大空间建筑火灾烟气流动过程的数值分析（4）微重力条件下卫星密封舱内部流场的数值分析（5）多室火灾过程的数值分析研究工作表明，FAC3和FZ程序的功能较强，通用性较好，可对多种热过程现象进行数值模拟，在一定程度上讲，即可用于科学研究，又可用于实际工程问题，并具有广泛的应用前景和推广价值。

Vertical and horizontal distribution of the fuel was calculated from sample plots and tree biomass model, including fuel loading, thickness and height. Based on fuel distribution and wind simulation, fire spread rate, fire intensity, and flame height of surface fire and crown fire were calculated.

根据2000-2006年当地气象数据，确定历史平均最大风速的平均值和主风向，在此背景下对风场进行模拟，进而对地表火和树冠火进行模拟计算，计算出不同类型火发生时火蔓延速度、火强度和火焰高度的分布图。

The article incorporates Huygens principle with existing fire behavior models of surface fire spread,crown fire spread,fire acceleration,builds forest fire simulation models which fit to Anning s terrain,and develops related dynamic modules for Yunnan Province.

利用惠更斯原理进行林火蔓延模拟，结合国际上成熟的林火行为模型(Rothermel的地表火模型，Van Wagner的树冠火蔓延模型，McAlpine的林火加速模型)，建立适合云南省特殊地形的林火蔓延动态模型，并开发相应的动态模拟模块，在云南特殊地形地貌上的林火蔓延模拟做出一定探索。

Through experimental study of typical crown fire using pine tree, we first measuredits heat release rate and the inter-space thermal radiation variation of crown fire ofsingle pine tree and compared the experimental data with the model prediction,validating the rationality of the thermal radiation model of single tree.

通过对典型树冠火热辐射的实验研究，以雪松为实验树，测量了实验树的热释放速率、由单颗雪松产生的树冠火的空间热辐射随时间的变化，并将测量值与利用单树热辐射模型计算出的理论值进行了对比分析，验证了单树热辐射模型的合理性；然后测量了由多个雪松同时燃烧产生的空间热辐射随时间的变化，并将测量值与利用多树热辐射模型计算出的理论值进行了对比分析，验证了多树热辐射模型的合理性。

According to differences among these groups, for est potential fire behavior in Qinling mountains crown fires can be divided into strong crown fire type, weak crown fire type and no crown fire type based on th e maximum crow density of easily burning layers, separated by indices D 0.11 kg/m3 and 0.37kg/m3 respectively; the intensity of surface fire can be d etermined by the μ and W factors and be divided into 3 classes, the str ong surface fire and the medium surface fire, separated by indices W 1.40k g/m2 and indices μ 40%respectively.

据类间 差异性将秦岭森林潜在树冠火行为分为强度树冠火、弱度树冠火和无树冠火3种类型，划分依据为冠层易燃物最大密度，区分指标分别为0.11kg/m3和0.37kg/m3；地表火强度划分应用μ和W双因素判断法，并将其划分为强度地表火、中度地表火和弱度地表火3 种类型，其区分指标分别为地表可燃物载量1.40kg/m2和地表可燃物绝对含水率40%。

As she looked at Warrington's manly face, and dark, melancholy eyes, she had settled in her mind that he must have been the victim of an unhappy attachment.

每逢看到沃林顿那刚毅的脸，那乌黑、忧郁的眼睛，她便会相信，他一定作过不幸的爱情的受害者。

Maybe they'll disappear into a pothole.

也许他们将在壶穴里消失