栎

"Bur oak:an oak tree of eastern North america, having pinnately lobed leaves, acorns enclosed within a deep fringed cup, and hard, durable wood."

大果栎：产于北美东部的一种栎树，具羽状圆形叶片和被深穗杯包裹的槲果和坚硬耐久的木质。

SOD is a severe forest disease that has caused tens of thousands of widespread dieback of oaks and tanoaks, and infected numerous of other plants species in North America and Europe . Many countries give high attention such as Canada , Australia , New Zealand , members of Europe Union, South Korea, China and the United States , and take strict precaution and compulsive measures against its introduction and diffuse respectively.

SOD是近年来新发现的重要栎树病害，在北美，欧洲等地爆发流行，造成成千上万的栎树，石栎枯死，以及侵染很多的其它植物，危害日益严重，引起加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰、欧盟、韩国、中国以及美国当地有关政府的高度关注，纷纷采取措施严防其传人、扩散。

Local people think that logging has less influences on the forest because the stumps will geminate again and for some years the forest will be back. It is true.

因为高山栎是最好的薪炭原料，文海周围的村民就利用高山栎烧炭，在他们的观念中，高山栎砍倒后，树桩上还能长出幼枝，过上几年，又可以恢复成林。

The method of experts assessment was applied to the comprehensive evaluation of the water-conserving and flood-controlling function for the main protection forests in the Three Gorges resevior area. The vegetation communities which have better water-conserving and flood-controlling function have been selected according to the results.

采用专家评分法，对三峡库区主要防护林植被群落的理水调洪功能进行了综合评价，根据评价结果筛选出了库区高效理水调洪型防护林植被群落，包括马尾松×栎类—火棘芒草林、马尾松×杉木—火棘灌丛、马尾松×栎类混交林、青冈-栎类混交林等四种植被群落类型。

If the arboreous lamina such as oak of distant Dong Li, Mongolia, Mongolian oak is feed,tussah basically belongs to a plant with cupule division oak, because its have up gender, phototaxis two big characteristics, cannot put medium breed aquatics in special container like the silkworm so, can put in oak tree to assume office only its are collected by oneself feed a leaf, prevent a bird by artificial and responsible nurse, move silkworm (put to another tree again after leaf dispose of) etc.

柞蚕主要以壳斗科栎属植物如辽东栎、蒙古栎、槲等树木的叶片为饲料，因其有向上性、趋光性两大特征，所以无法像桑蚕一样放在专用容器中养殖，只能放在柞树上任其自行采食树叶，并由人工负责看护防鸟、移蚕(当树叶吃光后再放到另一棵树上)等。

The results are showed as follows:the appearance of Luota karst forest community is characterized by the middle and lowphaneropytes such as Cyclobalanopsis glauca, Lithocarpus glaber, et al. The structure ofthe community is generally composed of tree layer, shrub layer and herb layer. Thedominants are Cyclobalanopsis glauca, Lithocarpus glaber, Dendrobenthamia capitata, et al.There are 36 tree, shrub and vine species in this community. The individnal height isincreased as pyramid, the volume has the same results.

结果表明：喀斯特森林木本植物群落的外貌由青冈栎、石栎、头状四照花、五裂槭等中、小高位芽植物决定，其结构一般分为乔木层、灌木层和草本层，上风种有青冈栎、石栎、头状四照花和五裂槭；组成该群落的木本植物有36种；个体高度呈金字塔增长趋势，径级结构也有类似结果；在水平分布上，上风种为集群分布，常见种则为随机分布。

Fire and human activities increased the domination of oak forests because of their biological features of oak trees. Cutting repeatedly was the main reason for the domination of Quercus mongolica forest in recent 100 years in north and east China. During the succession of ...

火是原生性质蒙古栎林在地质历史时期存在和扩散的根本原因，过度的人类活动是促成现在蒙古栎次生林占优势地位的主要原因，这是由蒙古栎这个树种的生物学特性决定的，在没有外界因素的干扰和火减少的情况下，蒙古栎在演替过程中逐渐被耐荫的树种所取代，但是在中国北方，由于人类活动的加剧，蒙古栎林的优势度有增加的趋势。

This fungus is spread by Platypus quercivorus and easily infests the oak which grow relatively weak. Platypus quercivorus and oak fungus can be controlled by injuction of NCS into holes opened in oak.

由于该虫易侵入生长势相对较弱的栎类立木，通常危害木的树龄在 20 年以上，且以 40～50 年居多，通过钻孔注入适量的NCS等药剂后；用胶贴纸带包裹，可起到防治和杀灭栎长小蠹及&栎树菌&的目的。

The results showed that Liquidamba formosana, Quercus acutissima, and Quercus fabri populations had the dominant positions in the forest community of Purple Mountain Area of Nanjing. During the growth process, the mortality of L. formosana, Q. acutissima, and Q. fabri were higher in low age. After entering into the middle-age stage, the upper space was occupied by oak and L. formosana population all died. The mortality of Q. acutissima and Q. fabri populations were increased with the increasing of diameter class. L. formosana population in the Purple Mountain Area of Nanjing belonged to be the typical growing population and Q. acutissima population was a decreasing population. Q. fabri population belonged to be the growing population on the whole, but the diameter class in middle parts was incomplete and the population was difficult to be renewed. Among the studied quadrate, only one dominant population showed an aggregated distribution and other dominant species showed the random distribution. Either, all the dominant species in all the quadrates presented random distribution.

结果表明，枫香种群、麻栎种群和白栎种群在南京紫金山地区森林群落中占有优势地位；枫香种群、麻栎种群和白栎种群在其生长过程中，在低龄时期，死亡率都较高，进入中龄期后，由于上层空间都被栎木占据，枫香种群全部死亡，而麻栎种群和白栎种群的死亡率则随着径级的增大而增大；南京紫金山地区枫香种群属于典型的增长型种群，麻栎种群属于衰退型种群，白栎种群总体上属于增长型群落，但中间径级不完整，种群更新较为困难；在所研究的每一个样方中，一般只有一个优势物种呈聚集分布，而其他优势物种呈随机分布，或样方中所有优势物种都呈随机分布。

Present research thinks that its death is directly caused by a fungus ,which is called oak fungus.

当前研究结果认为，引起栎类树木死亡的直接原因是一种目前尚未正式定名的有害菌，文中被称为&栎树菌&，这种有害菌通过栎长小蠹进行传播的。

The concept of equivalent rotationally rigidity is offered and the formula of rotationally rigidity is obtained.

主要做了如下几个方面的工作：对伸臂位于顶部的单层框架—筒体模型进行分析，提出了等效转动约束的概念和转动约束刚度的表达式。

Male cats normally do not need aftercare with the exception of the night after the anesthetic.

男猫通常不需要善后除了晚上的麻醉。