标记

Mapping of microsatellite markers in two wheat crosses segregating for Pm23 and Pm4b, respectively, in combination with the reported mapping of Pm4a, indicated that the three genes were all linked to the marker Xgwm356 with a distance of 3-5 cM. Allelism between Pm4b and Pm23 was then confirmed, when the progenies of a cross between VPM1 (Pm4b) and Line 81-7241, were shown to be all resistant to a B.

利用获得的8个标记对Pm4b进行遗传作图，结果表明，4个标记与Pm4b连锁(Xgwm356、Xgdm93、Xbar76和Xbarc122)。3个抗白粉病基因(Pm4a、Pm4b和Pm23)均与标记Xgwm356连锁，遗传距离为3-5cM，等位性测验证明Pm23与Pm4b为等位基因。

While doing the RFLP tagging of giant embryogene,the genome changebetween mutants and its original parent,the relationship between RFLP andheteroses in indica,japonica and intermediate rice,the performance of multipleand null allelism in rice varieties,the utilization of null allelic RFLP probes inidentifying indica and japonica rice specifically,the distribution of the nullallelic RFLP probe RG684 in rice cultivars,and the segregations of RFLPmakers in indica/japonica F2 population were also studied.

本实验从经典遗传、分子遗传、育种潜力评估、育种新品系选育等领域，对巨大胚、甜胚乳、暗胚乳三种新型突变体进行了全面系统研究。在对巨大胚进行分子定位过程中，对涉及到的突变体与原始亲本基因组变化，籼、粳、中间型材料的RFLP多态性与杂种优势之间关系，水稻品种的复等位、零等位表现，鉴定籼、粳特异性的零等位RFLP标记，零等位标记RG684在稻种中分布，RFLP标记在籼粳交F2群体中分离等遗传现象也一并进行了分析。

All the probes were pointed on glass slides by GMS 417 Arrayer. Amplified plasmids wer.e labeled by PCR fluorescence(CY5)-primer and CY5-dUTP. The labeled plasmids were applied to the DNA chip. The hybridization was performed at scalar temperatures (43 C, 45 C, 47 C, 49 C, 51C) for one hour. After hybridization the chips were scanned by GMS418 Array Scanner.

采用PCR引物直接标记法和掺入法对HPv标准品进行扩增和荧光标记，将标记好的标准品与芯片在梯度温度下(43℃，45℃，47℃，49℃，51℃)杂交1 小时，用GMs 418 Array Sc~er扫描仪对杂交后的芯片进行扫描检测分析，用 sca'Array软件对各信号点进行信号强度采集。

QTL Mapping and molecular tagging of resistant genes to TuMV and black rot: The QTLs and their genetic effects of the genes resistant to TuMV and Black rot were mapped and dissected on the basis of the radish molecular genetic linkage map and with the multi-QTL model. It was found that 4 target QTLs intensively locating in LG3 and LG5 linkage groups.

萝卜分子遗传图谱的构建：利用同时对萝卜TuMV和黑腐病存在明显抗性差异的自交系构建了包括360个单株的F2分离群体，以此群体为研究对象，首次采用优化的萝卜SRAP分子标记技术和SSR分子标记技术相结合的方法，构建萝卜分子遗传图谱，该图谱包括9个连锁群，由196个标记组成，图谱总长度736.2 cM，平均图距3.76 cM.4。

The results revealed that the QTL for fiber strength associated with three markers inherited steadily in different backgrounds and segregating generations. The mean difference of fiber strength between individuals of UBC301 and M07 markers were not decreased after several generations of selfing and backcrossing.

高强纤维主效QTL的分子标记辅助选择研究利用7235为亲本的四个不同世代组合的243个单株为材料，用2个RAPD标记UBC301、M07和1个SSR标记BNL1521开展与之连锁的高强纤维主效QTL的遗传稳定性及分子标记辅助选择的效果。

Were used as parents to produce a F2 population consisting of 120 individual plants, which were used to construct a molecular linkage map. On the basis of observing the qualitative and quantative traits of the map population, Two types of DNA molecular marker methods, simple sequence repeals and amplified fragment length polymorphism, were used to construct a linkage map of molecular markers and to map genes of agronomic characters.

多标记基因系T582和T586为亲本，构建了一个由120个单株组成的用于分子标记图谱构建的F_2作图群体，在考察和分析亲本、F_1和F_2群体质量性状和数量性状的基础上，利用SSR和AFLP分析技术，首先对各群体进行DNA分子标记的多态性分析，然后对显示多念性的标记进行连锁分析、图谱构建和农艺性状基因的定位。

The research progress on Dispyros kaki identification in morphological markers, cytological markers, biochemical markers and molecular markers and the new germplasm creation in cross-breeding, selection of bud mutation were summarised.

从形态学标记、细胞学标记、生化标记和DNA标记4个方面对柿品种的鉴定进行了阐述及评价；从有性杂交育种、芽变选种种质创新方面阐述了柿育种。

The results of Duncans Multiple Range Test shows:(1)Means of shell strength and shell proportion for the genotype II of MCW0289E, means of shell strength and shell proportion for the genotype AG of MCW0258, and means of shell strength and shell proportion for the genotype CC of MCW0068 were significantly higher than those of others. The result implied that genotype II of MCW0289E, genotype AG of marker MCW0258, and genotype CC of MCW0068 may be regarded as candidate locus for early assistant selection markers in shell strength and shell proportion traits of silkies.

对与性状相关显著的标记进行不同基因型间的多重比较，发现①标记MCW0289E中，Ⅱ基因型的蛋壳强度、蛋壳比例均值最高，与其它基因型差异显著(除蛋壳比例中的FH基因型)；标记MCW0258中，AG基因型的蛋壳强度、蛋壳比例均值最高，与其它基因型差异显著(除蛋壳强度中的FF基因型)；标记MCW0068中，CC基因型的蛋壳强度、蛋壳比例均值最高，与其它基因型差异显著。

No immunostaining was seen in RPE. Double staining that Kir2. 1 and glutamine synthetase, Kir2. 1 and glutamine synthetase colocalized well. Intense Kir7. 1 immunolabeling was present on the apical surface of all RPE cells and appeared to extend over the length of the apical processes. Na〓, K〓-ATPase expression varied among RPE cells, but in highly expressing cells, it co-localized with Kir7. 1. Immunoreactivity of Kir2. 1、Kir4. 1 and Kir7. 1 acomplished by ABC immunohistochemistry in monkey and human retinae got the nearly same results as bovine.

间接免疫荧光组织化学显示，Kir2.1蛋白主要分布在Müller细胞与神经元相接触的细胞膜区域；与Müller细胞的特异性标记蛋白质抗谷氨酸合成酶抗体双重标记显示其分布特性重叠，在RPE未检测Kir2.1蛋白的免疫活性存在；Kir4.1蛋白集中分布于Müller细胞的内侧突起，与GS蛋白双重标记显示其分布特性重叠，RPE未检测Kir4.1蛋白的免疫活性存在；Kir7.1主要分布于RPE游离面及其突起的全长，与特异性标记RPE突起的Ezrin蛋白完全重叠，Na〓-K〓ATP酶在不同部位的RPE表达不同，Na〓-K〓ATP高表达的RPE细胞与Kir7.1的分布特性重叠。

Based on aforementioned findings, the author disclosed China have gone through three wave of marketing since the open policy reform in the end of seventies in the last century: the first wave taken place from the end of seventies to the end of eighties of last century, during this period of time, enterprises commonly took a marketing tactics mix of unitary product, high gross-profit pricing, wholesale and information notification; the second wave happened from the end of eighties to the end of nineties in the last century, during the second wave, enterprises often took a marketing tactics mix of serialized products, medium gross profit pricing, regional distribution and advertisement on mass media; the third wave occurred from the end of nineties of last century to now, during the third wave, enterprises usually adopted a marketing tactics mix of segmented products, low gross profit pricing, outlet interception and tangible benefits promotion.

基于上述认识，本书进而揭示出，中国市场自上个世纪70年代末改革开放以来，已经经历了三次营销浪潮：第一次营销浪潮发生在20世纪70年代末至80年代末，期间，企业界普遍采取的是&单一化产品+高毛利政策+批发销售+信息告知&的链接标记营销策略组合。第二次营销浪潮发生在20世纪80年代末至90年代末，期间，企业界普遍采取的是&系列化产品+中毛利政策+区域链接标记分销+大众链接标记广告&的营销策略组合。第三次营销浪潮发生在20世纪90年代末至今，期间，企业界普遍采取的是&细分化产品+低毛利政策+链接标记终端拦截+实惠促销&的营销策略组合。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。