标准度量

As a measure of risk, mean absolute deviation is better than variance in a sense.

作为度量风险的标准，绝对离差比方差更为合适。

First, we discuss several theories of risk measures respectively such as theories ofcoherent measures of risk, spectral measures of risk and distortion measures of risk.Within the framework of these theories, we discuss and compare standard deviation,mean absolute deviation, lower partial moment, Ginis difference, VaR, CVaR and soon. We conclude that CVaR is superior to other measures with respect to theoreticalproperties.

首先，本文分别讨论了一致风险测度理论、谱风险测度理论、失真风险测度理论和随机占优一致风险测度理论等风险度量评价理论，在这些理论框架内讨论和比较了标准差、平均绝对离差、下偏位矩、基尼均差、VaR以及CVaR等风险度量。

In the fourth chapter,first of all,a metric space is derived by the Loeb measure space which is a standard measure space,follow that the Completeness,separability and the Baire theorem are expressed.

第四章中，首先由Loeb测度这个标准测度空间导出度量空间，接着讨论了该度量空间的完备性和可分性以及其Baire定理(来源：A8525B52C论文网www.abclunwen.com)。

Nowadays many researches have focused on structural ET based on statement and branch coverage and there are few researches on path-oriented ET. To solve this problem, this paper provokes an approach to construct the fitness function for test case generation in path-oriented ET based on the similarity evaluation techniques.

为了解决目前结构性演化测试主要集中于面向语句、分支等覆盖标准，缺乏面向路径覆盖标准的问题，提出了基于相似性度量的适应值函数构造方法，以用于生成覆盖指定路径的测试用例。

The contourlet transform used in the system was constructed by dual tree complex wavelet transform followed by critically subsampled directional filter banks, sub-bands energy and standard deviations were cascaded to form feature vectors, and the similarity metric was Canberra distance. The performance of retrieval system was compared including original contourlet transform, non-subsampled contourlet transform, semi-subsampled contourlet transform and CCT under the same system structure.

该系统采用的复数轮廓波变换由双树复小波变换级联临界下采样方向滤波器构成，特征向量采用子带系数的能量和标准偏差连接而成，以Canberra距离为相似度度量标准；比较了基于同样架构的基本轮廓波变换、无下采样轮廓波变换、半下采样轮廓波变换和CCT纹理检索系统的性能。

The contourlet transform used in the system was constructed by dual tree complex wavelet transform followed by critically subsampled directional filter banks, sub-bands energy and standard deviations were cascaded to form feature vectors, and the similarity metric was Canberra distance.

该系统采用的复数轮廓波变换由双树复小波变换级联临界下采样方向滤波器构成，特征向量采用子带系数的能量和标准偏差连接而成，以Canberra 距离为相似度度量标准；比较了基于同样架构的基本轮廓波变换、无下采样轮廓波变换、半下采样轮廓波变换和CCT 纹理检索系统的性能。

The PSP uses LOC, and many metrics are based on that assumption.

使用LOC代码行度量，所有的度量过程都基于这个标准。

Credit risk can be affected by nonsystematic factors including corporate asset value,credit rating,default probability ,correlation,risk exposure and recovery ratio,meantime,it can be affected by systematic factors such as interest rate,commercial cycle and industry.

分析结果表明信用风险一方面受非系统性基本因素的影响，如公司资产价值、信用状况、违约概率以及相关性等，另外一方面也受到系统性宏观经济因素的影响，如利率、经济周期和行业因素等。其次是研究了信用风险的量化管理问题。具体方法是通过比较分析四种具有代表性的信用风险度量模型，包括CreditMetrics、CredirRisk+、KMV以及CreditPortfolioView等，目的是找到信用风险量化方法的统一框架，为度量信用风险建立一个合适的标准。

Odum in 1980s.Adapt for a new conceptcan be transform the common standard to estimate the use of nature resource.it can beprovided warranty for the government to manage the nature. This paper adopt the Emergy analysis theory to analyze the mutative energy for Areaentironment, such as America, Yanbian, Gansu.

Odum为首于20世纪80年代创立的，应用能值这一新的科学概念和度量标准及其转换单位—能值转换率，可将生态经济系统内流动和储存的各种不同类别的能量和物质转换为同一标准的能值，进行定量分析研究，对生态系统内的自然资源的利用进行评估，并评估其发展的可持续性，从而对制定经济方针政策提供科学依据。

Based on that, two particular indentities of unitarily invariant metrics are obtained.3 Perturbation analysis of the canonical subspaces: This paper gives the least perturbation bound of the unitary factor on the unitary decomposition.

并利用C-S分解，给出了这类新的酉不变度量的上下界。由此，得到两个特殊的酉不变度量的恒等表达式。3 标准子空间的扰动分析：本文给出了矩阵的酉分解中酉因子的最小扰动界。

But we don't care about Battlegrounds.

但我们并不在乎沙场中的显露。

Ah! don't mention it, the butcher's shop is a horror.

啊！不用提了。提到肉，真是糟透了。