柠檬酸

However, the quality of the copper film deposited by this method is poor. In order to resolve this problem, we study the influence of some additives on two different kinds of electroless copper plating which using sodium hypophosphite as reducing agent and sodium citrate as chelating agent, sodium citrate and ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA·2Na). Electrochemical methods were used to test the anodic and cathodal polarization processes which can explain the mechanism of the influence of additives.

然而该体系所得的铜膜质量较差，为此我们研究了以次磷酸钠为还原剂，分别以柠檬酸钠为单一络合剂，柠檬酸钠和乙二胺四乙酸二钠为双络合剂体系中，研究了几种添加剂对化学镀铜的影响，并通过电化学方法研究了各种添加剂对化学镀铜沉积电位的影响。

Activation with dilute chloric acid or sulfuric acid solution was adopted as pretreatment of traditional citric gold plating .

传统的柠檬酸盐镀金工艺前处理采用稀盐酸或稀硫酸活化，活化液可能被带入镀金溶液，造成SO2-4、Cl-积累，严重影响柠檬酸镀金溶液的稳定性和镀层质量。

The result indicated, In the MS culture medium, and the damagement increased with Pb(superscript 2+) concentrition, when Pb(superscript 2+) concentration was up to 1000μmol/L, the callus was geatly damaged and its character is small, hard, skin drying; Organic acid of suitable concentration was able to improve the induction and growth of rice callus under the Pb(superscript 2+) stress, i.e. ascorbic acid, critic acid and oxalic acid The effect was the best which added 750 mol/L citric acid in MS culture medium, the callus was fresh, light yellow, loose, the surface moist. and survival was as higher as controlled treatment.

而添加不同有机酸（抗坏血酸、柠檬酸和草酸）均可明显改善Pb(上标 2+)胁迫下愈伤组织的生长，尤以750μmol/L柠檬酸对Pb(上标 2+)毒害的缓解效果最佳，其愈伤组织块颜色浅黄，表面湿润，愈伤组织成活率高，与对照愈伤组形态较接近。

The results show that complexing agent greatly effects on film's density. For the double complexing agents solution system based on citric acid, the solution with lactic acid and citric acid produced most compact film with lowest porosity; and for the double complexing agents solution system based on butane diacid, the solution with butane diacid and malic acid made most compact film with lowest porosity.

研究结果表明：络合剂对镀层的致密度影响显著，对于以柠檬酸为基的双络合剂体系镀液来讲，乳酸-柠檬酸双络合剂体系镀液获得的镀层致密度最好，具有最低的气孔率；而对于以丁二酸为基的双络合剂体系镀液来讲，丁二酸-苹果酸双络合剂体系镀液获得的镀层致密度最好，具有最低的气孔率。

Triisoamyl citrate was synthesized using citric acid and isoamyl alcohol as raw material with microwave irradiation heating method.

以柠檬酸和异戊醇为原料采用微波辐射法合成了柠檬酸三异戊酯。

It indicates that the raw materials can be stored in temperature of 0-4℃ for 60 days, they must be immersed in clean water for more than one hour before processing, and peeling be carried out in flowing water; that color preserving solution should be 1.0% NaCl+0.2% citric acid+0.5% Vitamin C+110ppm dichloro isocyanuric acid sodium; that combined browning inhibiting solution is conspicuously effective, and immersion time better be around 20 minutes; that sterilization solution ought to be 200ppm dichloro isocyanuric acid sodium+0.5% ascorbic acid+0.3 citric acid, and 10 minutes' immersion will achieve the effect of sterilization and inhibiting browning; and that after 20-21 minutes of quick-freezing in temperature of -31℃~-32℃, the products can be preserved under -18℃ for a whole year.

通过对速冻牛蒡加工过程中原料储存、削皮方法、护色、浸泡时间、无热杀菌、包装形式等参数进行研究表明：原料0-4℃可储存60天，加工前用清水浸泡1小时以上，削皮时在流水中进行，护色液筛选的1.0% NaCl＋0.2%柠檬酸＋0.5%维生素C十110ppm二氯异氰脲酸钠；复合褐变抑制溶液在抑制褐变方面有显著的效果，浸泡处理时间为20分钟为宜；杀菌液为200ppm二氯异氰脲酸钠＋0.5%抗坏血酸＋0.3柠檬酸，浸泡10分钟即可达到灭菌和抑制褐变的作用；经-31℃~-32℃温度下速冻20~21分钟，产品在-18℃条件下可储存一年。

Effects of water,low-concentration calcium lignosulphonate and nitric acid pretreatments on electrokinetic processes of electroplating sludge were investigated.

以风干电镀污泥为电动处理试验材料，水为阳极电解液，柠檬酸-柠檬酸铵缓冲液为阴极电解液，施加25 V直流电压条件下电动运行5 d，研究了水、低浓度木钙和硝酸等预处理对电镀污泥电动过程的影响。

The main organic acid was citric acid, followed by malic acid. Citric acid and tartaric acid levels increased during storage. Malic acid and quinic acid increased from stage one to stage two. Shikimic acid level increased from stage one to stage three, then decreased slightly. Acetic acid changed unremarkably. Succinic acid changed not significantly from stage one to stage two, then increased and it was the highest in the stage three. The level in stage four and stage five was lower than the level in stage three.

五九香梨果实中的主要有机酸是苹果酸和柠檬酸，整个贮藏期间，柠檬酸和酒石酸含量处于上升趋势，苹果酸和奎宁酸含量在第一、二月贮藏期间增加，而后开始下降；莽草酸含量在贮藏期第一到第三阶段上升，而后略下降；琥珀酸含量在第一到第二阶段变化不明显，接着有上升的趋势，在第三阶段含量达到最高，第四和第五阶段略低于第三阶段；乙酸含量变化不明显。

Colloidal gold was reductively prepared by sodium citrate,sodium citrate-tannin,ascorbic acid and sodium borohydride respectively.And corresponding gold particles size,morphology,dispersion,and stability of the samples were characterized and compared.

分别采用柠檬酸钠还原法、柠檬酸钠-鞣酸还原法、抗坏血酸还原法、硼氢化钠还原法4种方法制备了粒径为十几纳米的胶体金，并对制得的纳米胶体金粒径大小、分散度、稳定性及形貌进行了表征和比较分析。

Intermidiate 1, 2-propanediol-sebacate was synthesized with 1, 2-propanediol and sebacic acid, then a novel degradable elastomer, poly, was synthesized by melt phase polycondensation of 1, 2-propanediol-sebacate and citric acid under under certain conditions.

通过癸二酸与1，2-丙二醇反应，生成中间体癸二酸聚酯二元醇，然后将中间体与柠檬酸在一定条件下熔融缩聚制得了一种可降解弹性体聚癸二酸丙二醇柠檬酸酯。

However, as the name（read－only memory）implies, CD disks cannot be written onorchanged in any way.

然而，正如其名字所指出的那样，CD盘不能写，也不能用任何方式改变其内容。

Galvanizes steel pallet is mainly export which suits standard packing of European Union, the North America. galvanizes steel pallet is suitable to heavy rack. Pallet surface can design plate type, corrugated and the gap form, satisfies the different requirements.

镀锌钢托盘多用于出口，替代木托盘，免薰蒸，符合欧盟、北美各国对出口货物包装材料的法令要求；喷涂钢托盘适用于重载上货架之用，托盘表面根据需要制作成平板状、波纹状及间隔形式，满足不同的使用要求。