染色体结合

To accomplish this, sister chromatids must segregate together during the first meiotic division , which requires that sister chromatid cohesion persists at centromeres.

实现减数分裂，姐妹染色体必须在第一次分裂联会，这过程姐妹染色体在着丝粒结合。

Since curly leaf hybrid could be recognized at early stage,and displayedobvious dwarfness,choosing"Zha′ai 76"as paternal parent not only raised thehybrid-selecting efficiency from the pollinated progenies,but also raised thebreeding efficiency of apomctc dwarf roostock of apple.

鉴别宽叶型杂种较难、需时较长(2-3年生时)并需与染色体倍性鉴定法相结合，因其形态变化较小而生长势又与平邑甜茶无融合生殖苗无明显差异；鉴别光叶型杂种因父本染色体组的影响加大而从形态上容易些，但也需过氧化物同工酶法或染色体倍性鉴定法相配合；皱叶型杂种因在苗期刚出1-2片真叶时就表现明显的标志性状、能从叶片形态上准确鉴别出来，毋须染色体倍性鉴定等复杂方法；因皱叶型杂种能早期鉴别，又表现明显的矮生性，因而选用"扎矮76"做父本不仅大大提高了平邑甜茶授粉后代中选择杂种的效率，而且提高了苹果无融合生殖型实生矮砧育种的效率。

Segregation distortions were found on chromosome 1, 2, 3, 6, 10, 11 and 12 respectively. There were some distorted markers clustered in special regions on chromosome 3, 6 and 11, and they all deviated toward indica homozygote.

不平衡分离发生在第1、2、3、6、10、11、12条染色体上，其中第3、6、11条染色体上发生不平衡分离的分子标记有「群集」的现象，且三者都倾向於秈稻同质结合型。

GISH analysis showed Triticale have 2 items chromosomes presented yellow and others chromosomes presented chrysoidine, because yellow chromosomes combined the Thinopyrum intermedium DNA, others chromosomes dye by PI. 4. Analysis of resistance gene: CH-9916 is the hybrid progenies of Octoploid tritielytrigia TAI-7045 X common wheat "Jinmai33".

GISH分析结果表明，小偃麦衍生系CH-9916的42条染色体中有2条外源染色体因结合有探针DNA而呈现出较强的黄色杂交信号，而没有结合上探针DNA的普通小麦染色体经过PI染色呈现出桔红色，初步推断小偃麦衍生系CH-9916为一个"小麦一中间偃麦草"的代换系。

Acquisition of high-quality chromosome suspension: The chromosome suspension released from homogenization suited for flow karyotypic analysis and sorting after fixed in 2% paraformaldehyde for 20 minutes and purified through 10% and 30% sucrose concentration gradient.

高质量染色体悬液制备结果：同步化的根尖细胞经2%多聚甲醛固定20 min，机械匀浆释放染色体并结合10%及30%蔗糖浓度梯度纯化释放的染色体悬液。

GISH analysis showed Triticale have 2 items chromosomes presented yellow and others chromosomes presented chrysoidine, because yellow chromosomes combined the Thinopyrum intermedium DNA, others chromosomes dye by PI. 4. Analysis of resistance gene: CH-9916 is the hybrid progenies of Octoploid tritielytrigia TAI-7045 X common wheat "Jinmai33".

GISH分析结果表明，小偃麦衍生系CH-9916的42条染色体中有2条外源染色体因结合有探针DNA而呈现出较强的黄色杂交信号，而没有结合上探针DNA的普通小麦染色体经过PI染色呈现出桔红色，初步推断小偃麦衍生系CH-9916为一个&小麦一中间偃麦草&的代换系。

Lines which were 2n=21"+1" and one line which was 2n=20"+2", one line which was 2n=43. The salt-resistance addition line Line15 was confirmed as a Disomic alien addition line by C-banding, SSR, FISH methods, and the two alien addition chromosomes had close correlation with the long arm of the second homoeologous group, the centromere region of the third homoeologous group and the short arm of the seventh homoeologous group. We also confirmed the particular C-banding type of the alien addition chromosomes by C-banding following FISH method. The drought-resistance addition line Line17 was found also as a Disomic alien addition line by SSR and FISH detection. The alien addition chromosomes had close correlation with the short arm of the second homoeologous group.

对导入赖草优质耐盐基因的株系Line15进行了C-分带、荧光原位杂交、SSR相结合的鉴定，确认Line15是一个二体异附加系，附加的一对染色体与小麦的第二同源群长臂、第三同源群着丝粒和第七同源群短臂密切相关，并确定了Line15的外源染色体C-分带特征带型，为目后鉴定Line15附加系的真伪提供了简便快捷的途径；对抗旱附加系Line17进行了荧光原位杂交和SSR检测，得出Line17也是一个二体异附加系，外源染色体与小麦的第四同源群短臂密切相关。

The novel restorer line Nsa restorer-1 and its progenies were analysed by genomic in situ hybridization combined with double-colour fluorescence in situ hybridization technologies, the results showed that Nsa restorer-1 was Brassica napus-Xinjiang wild Sinapis arvensis disomic alien addition line,consisting of the whole genome of Brassica napus and a homologous chromosome pair of Xinjiang wild Sinapis arvensis.

用基因组原位杂交(genomic in situ hybridization， GISH)结合双色荧光原位杂交(double-colour fluorescence in situ hybridization， dc-FISH)技术，对甘蓝型油菜新型恢复系Nsa恢1及其后代进行了研究，结果表明，Nsa恢1为甘蓝型油菜-新疆野生油菜二体异附加系，包含了甘蓝型油菜全基因组和新疆野生油菜1对染色体，这1对新疆野生油菜染色体为同源染色体。

Referring to the palaeontological data and the geographical distribution of existing species,the authors come to the conclusion that the main mechanism of chromosome evolution of Cervus is the Robertsonian fission,a metacentric or submetacentric fission in the centric region into two acrocentrics.

结合对鹿属古生物学资料和现代各个种的地理分布的分析，作者认为，鹿属染色体进化的主要机制是罗伯逊断裂，即一条中部着丝点染色体在着丝点部位断裂成为两条端着丝点染色体。

In order to obtain viable tetraploids, which remains a major challenge worldwide, research on spindle organization and chromosome behavior was carried out mainly in zhikong scallop, Chlamys farreri, a typical commercially important species which is being cultured in North China Sea. Immunofluorescent technique and laser scanning confocal microscopy has been developed for observation of both microtubule organization and chromosome segregation. Orcein squash method was also used for chromosome observation. A series of complicated configurations of the meiotic spindle and associated patterns of chromosome segregation, including tripolar and seperated bipolar segregation, were found in developing eggs following the inhibition of the first polar body.

为了攻克可存活四倍体人工培育技术的国际性研究难题，本研究选取了我国北方海区的典型经济贝类栉孔扇贝为主要研究对象，建立了一套免疫荧光染色和激光扫描共聚焦显微技术，结合使用染色体地衣红压片观察技术，对第一极体受抑制的受精卵的减数分裂纺锤体装配、染色体分离动态进行了研究，发现了一系列特殊的纺锤体装配及相应的染色体分离行为，包括三极分离、独立二极分离等分离类型，从亚细胞水平上阐明了四倍体形成的细胞学机理。

She gently rebuff ed him, but agreed that they could be friends

她婉言拒绝了，但同意作为朋友相处。

If in the penal farm, you were sure to be criticized.

要是在劳改农场，你等着挨绳子吧！