染色体基因

The misdivision ofunivalents that resulted in the formation of telocentrics,iso-chromosomes and translocated chromosomes was the mainvariation pattern of chromosome structure.

单价体错分裂导致端体，等臂染色体和易位染色体的形成，是染色体结构变异的主要方式，离体培养诱发染色体缺失，是染色体结构变异的有效补充手段，从而成为有目的，有计划的向小麦导入外源有用基因的有效途径。

This course systematically describes the structure and function, transmission, expression and regulation, and evolution of genetic materials, covering basis of cytology for inheritance, molecular basis of genetic materials, Mendel's principles of inheritance, linkage and sex linkage, genemutation, variations in chromosome structure and number, quantitative genetics, inbreeding and heterosis, inheritance of bacteria and viruses, extranuclear inheritance, gene engineering, genomics, gene expression and regulation, developmental genetics, population genetics and evolution.

本课程全面系统地介绍遗传物质的结构与功能、遗传物质的传递、遗传物质的表达与调控、遗传物质的进化等，包括遗传的细胞学基础、遗传物质的分子基础、孟德尔遗传、连锁遗传和性连锁、基因突变、染色体结构变异、染色体数目变异、数量性状的遗传、近亲繁殖和杂种优势、细菌和病毒的遗传、细胞质遗传、基因工程、基因组学、基因表达的调控、遗传与发育、群体遗传与进化。

1Unequal number of univalents with decreased degree of synapsis and lagging chromosomes occurred in meiosis.The abnormal chromosomal behavior correlated with heterogenicity gave rise to unequal allocation of homogenous chromosomes to daughter cells and resulted in the deletion of functional chromosoms,thus led to the occurence of a certion proportion of aborted pollens.(2)The interaction between genetic imbalance and such environmental factors as temperature,etc.,further drew forth physiological and even structrural imbalance,with abnormal development of pollen mother cells and tapetal cells,and consequently resulted in no or very few production of pollens.The difference in the interaction between environment and genotype reflected on the unstability of pollen abortion in different years.

1在减数分裂中有数目不等的联合程度较差的单价体以及落后染色体出现，这种与异质性相关的染色体行为异常，导致同源染色体向子细胞的不均衡分配，造成具功能染色体的缺失，从而引起毛白杨一定比率的败育花粉的产生；(2)遗传上的不平衡与温度等环境因子相互作用，进一步引发毛白杨生理乃至结构上的不平衡，花粉母细胞和绒毡层细胞发育异常，从而造成不产粉或产粉较少；环境与基因型互作的差异性导致了花粉败育的年度不稳定性。

The resulting strain, designated YES2MTM1, was transformed with a yeast genomic library. Transformants lost the plasmid overexpressing MTM1 after 5-FOA treatment. Yeast strains able to grow on nonfermentable carbon source with MTM1 deletion and overexpression of some DNA fragments were picked up and candidate suppressor genes were identified. Overexpression of five genes were identified to be able to rescue the growth defect on nonfermentable carbon source. The study will provide reference for MTM1 gene function and screening for suppressor of genes whose deletion result in irreversible damage.

为了避免MTM1缺失造成的不可逆损伤，在野生型酵母中先转入带有MTM1 基因的质粒，再敲除染色体上的MTM1 基因，随后转入基因组文库，再利用药物5-氟乳清酸(5-FOA)迫使细胞丢失表达MTM1基因的外源质粒，再筛选能在非发酵培养基上生长的转化子，通过这种方法筛选发现，POR2等5个基因的过表达可以挽救MTM1 基因缺失造成的非发酵培养基上的生长缺陷，为深入了解MTM1基因的功能提供了线索，对筛选其他造成不可逆损伤的突变基因的抑制基因提供了一条可行的研究思路。

Objective: Presymptomatic gene diagnosis of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease families by PCR Methods: Genomic DNA were extracted Highly polymorphic microsatellite markers(SM7, AG2 5, KG8, CW2) linked to the PKD1were amplified using PCR Ten ADPKD families (104 members,including 28 affected) were analysed Results: Nine children were diagnosed with presymptomatic gene diagnosis ,although all children presented a negative ultrasonic diagnosis Conclusion: The presymptomatic gene diagnosis ...

目的：应用PCR方法对常染色体显性遗传性多囊肾病家系进行症前基因诊断。方法：用PCR扩增与PKD1位点连锁的的高度多态性的微小卫星体DNA（SM7，AC2.5，KG8，CW2）为遗传标记，对10个ADPKD家系的104个成员（包括28个患者）找出染色体上与疾病连锁的单体型，进行连锁分析。结果：对9个无临床症状，且B超检查呈阴性结果的儿童做出了症前基因诊断。结论：能够应用PCR方法对ADP－KD家系成员快速、准确地做出基因诊断

This approach is valuable for genes whose existence is implied by genetics, but whose nature is unknown. One example is the gene zfy located on the human Y chromosome. Figure 2.17 shows a zoo blot using a probe from this region. It hybridizes specifically with sex chromosomes of mammals and also with

这个方法对于那些通过遗传学已证明存在的，但其性质还未知的基因是很有效的，例如人Y染色体上的zfy基因，它可以和哺乳动物或其它一些物种的性染色体杂交，且包含一个可译框，于是证明它是一个保守基因。

Vulgaris and Beta M14 BAC clone 16-M11 and 26-L15 are florescence specific expression BAC of Beta M14, both BAC clone 16-M11 and 26-L15 were in situ hybridization to monosomic addition lines(2n=2x=18+1) M14 chromosomes, they were located on the long arm of corollinae chromosome 9. the dominant factor of BAC clone 16-M11 and 26-L15 appears to hemizygous, because no equivalent region has been found in sexual Beta.

选用这两个BAC克隆作为探针，对M14甜菜有丝分裂中期染色体组进行荧光原位杂交，结果发现，BAC克隆16-M11和26-L15定位于M14甜菜附加的一条白花甜菜9号染色体上，有性栽培甜菜染色体上没有出现信号，两个BAC克隆在M14甜菜中呈半合子状态，遗传行为象单价显性基因，是白花甜菜9号染色体特异的。

Many childhood leukemias result from mutations called translocations, where gene pieces on chromosomes accidentally relocate and misalign. In infant leukemia, the chromosome containing the MLL gene breaks within MLL and ends up fused to a different gene.

很多儿童白血病是由一种被称为易位的基因突变（染色体上基因片断突然移位重排）引起的，在幼儿白血病中，含有MLL的染色体破损，然后融合到其它基因上。

B chromosomes do not pair with A chromosomes,they are inherited in a non-Mendelian way, exhibiting meiotic and mitotic instability andnondisjunction. Bs have little influence with the phenotype. DNA sequence differences in rye genomes (JNK population with similar geneticbackground) with and without B chromosomes were analyzed by random amplifiedpolymorphic DNA.

目前，已在约1300种植物和逾500种动物中发现了B染色体，实际含有B染色体的物种数远远不止这些。B染色体具有许多独特的性质：它独立于A染色体之外，不与任何A染色体配对，为非孟德尔遗传，具有不分离机制，不携带或极少携带核仁组织区，无影响表型的基因。

In this study, we therefore define a new OG order distance that is based on more biologically accurate rearrangements (e.g., reversals, transpositions and translocations) rather than breakpoints and that is applicable to both uni-chromosomal and multi-chromosomal genomes.

因此，在这篇论文中，我们定义了一个新的重叠基因距离，它是根据较有生物正确性的基因重组(例如：翻转、移位与易位)而不是断点所定义出来的，而且它能同时应用在单一染色体与多染色体的基因体上。

In the United States, chronic alcoholism and hepatitis C are the most common ones.

在美国，慢性酒精中毒，肝炎是最常见的。

If you have any questions, you can contact me anytime.

如果有任何问题，你可以随时联系我。