染色体

There was also not any haploid metaphases (n=16 or 19) was detected in hybrids. However, about 1-2% metaphases observed in this study was allopolyploid. GISH proved that they was made up of haploid genomes of M. nobilis (n=16) and triploid genomes of C. farreri (n=57). GISH was also employed to detect different chromosome components and identify donor chromatin in hybrids between C. farreri♀×A.

但我们检测到了约1-2%异源多倍体的分裂相，GISH分析后发现这些分裂相是由单倍的华贵栉孔扇贝的染色体和多倍的栉孔扇贝染色体组成，比如论文中图示了一个异源四倍体的分裂相，它是由单倍的华贵栉孔扇贝的染色体(n=16)和三倍的栉孔扇贝染色体(3n=57)组成。

The study on the phylogenetic relations among these species is very useful for the study on genome and marker-assisted breeding in Brassica species. The karyotypic analysis is one of the most important methods in analysing the phylogenetic relation of species with closer relations. The protocol for inducing high frequency metaphase was established by pretreatment with low temperature and 8hydroxyquinoline, and then the preparation of chromosome and karyotypes analysis of six economical important Brassica species were carried out. According to the karyotypic analysis, it was shown that in the genomes of amphidiploid species, there are genomical components from didiploid species. Our result showed that B. campetris, B. juncea and B. napus belonged to class 2B, while B.

以二倍体B.nigra（B，n=8）基因组为探针，用B.campestris（A，n=10）或B.oleracea（C，n=9）的基因组进行封阻，分别与B.juncea（AB，n=18）和B.carinata（BC，n=17）进行GISH杂交发现，B.juncea和B.carinata基因组中仅有来自于B.nigra的8对染色体表现杂交信号，而其它染色体杂交信号较弱；以B.campestris或B.oleracea基因组为杂交探针与B.napus（AC，n=19）进行GISH杂交发现，所有19对染色体均出现杂交信号，根据杂交结果难以正确判断B.napus基因组中的哪些染色体是来自于A基因组，哪些是来自于C基因组；以rRNA基因（18S-5.8S-26S）为探针的FISH杂交结果表明，B.campestris基因组中rRNA基因位点为6对；B.oleracea为3对；B.nigra为2对；B.carinata为4对；B.juncea为6对；B.napus为6对。

The chromosome composition of Yuan Zhong 2, a common wheat-Ag.intermedium partial amphiploid (2n=54), was analyzed with the genomic in situ hybridization,in which the biotinylated total DNA of Ag.intermedium as the probe and the total DNA of common wheat cv.Chinese Spring as blocking DNA were used to hybridize with the chromosome DNA of Yuan Zhong 2 at mitotic metaphase in root tip cells.

为分析普通小麦-天兰冰草部分双二倍体-远中2号(2n=54)的染色体构成，用生物素(biotin-16-dUTP)标记天兰冰草染色体组DNA作为探针，以普通小麦品种中国春染色体组DNA为封闭DNA，与远中2号的有丝分裂中期染色体DNA进行了分子原位杂交。

A SSR marker based linkage map covering chromosome 10 and the short arms of chromosomes 1 and 11 of rice was constructed and applied for mapping fertility-restoring genes in Zhenshan 97A/(Zhenshan 97B/Milyang 46)F_ 6 population consisting of 704 lines.

应用由704个株系组成的珍汕97A/(珍汕97B/密阳46)F6测交群体，针对水稻第10染色体和第1、11染色体短臂构建了微卫星标记连锁图谱，检测到控制野败型细胞质雄性不育育性恢复的4个QTL，其中位于第10染色体长臂中下部的Rf4具有主效效应，位于第1染色体短臂的Rf3具有较大效应，位于第10染色体长臂近着丝粒处的qRf10和第11染色体短臂近着丝粒处的qRf11表现出微效作用。

There are nine bivalents in pollen mother cells at late diplotene or early diakinesis, and the homologous chromosomes essentially arrange on the equatorial plate at late metaphase Ⅰor early anaphase Ⅰ, then the two homologous chromosomes of each bivalent separate from each other and move to two opposite poles drawn by spindle fibers.

在减数分裂双线期末或终变期初，可以观察到9个二价体，在中期I末至后期I初，同源染色体基本排列在赤道板上，然后在纺锤丝的牵引下二价体的两条同源染色体分开，分别移向两极，每一极有9条染色体，从而确认该属植物的染色体基数为x=9。

Two signals of 45S rDNA were mapped on the mitotic metaphase chromosomes in the F1 hybrids, respectively, and one signal was present on a bivalent during meiotic of synaptene, diakinesis, and metaphase I. We inferred that the two mitotic chromosomes carrying 45S rDNA were homolo-gous pairs.

在有丝分裂中期染色体上2个杂种分别检测到2个杂交信号，在减数分裂粗线期、终变期、中期Ⅰ染色体上45S rDNA位于一个二价体上，说明这两个杂种携带45S rDNA的染色体为同源染色体。

This text is mainly about the analysis of the palindromes of Y chromosome. We mainly used DOTTER program for detailed comparison of two sequences to obtain these results. The main contents are as follows:Chapter one mainly introduces the whole characteristics of human Y chromosome;Chapter two mainly describes the characteristics, functions and recombination modes of the palindromes in Y chromosome;Chapter three mainly analyses the symmetries of 8 palindromes of Y chromosome, we find a mechanism of symmetry breaking in P2 palindrome from a detailed analysis;initially introduces other 7 palindromes.

本文主要借助于DOTTER程序对Y染色体的回文序列进行分析，主要内容如下：第一章主要介绍人类Y染色体的整体特征；第二章主要描述Y染色体中回文序列的特征、功能及重组模式；第三章主要是对Y染色体8个回文序列的对称性分析，主要对P2回文进行了详细分析，提出了P2回文的对称性发生破缺的机理；对其他7个回文进行了初步分析。

This text is mainly about the analysis of the palindromes of Y chromosome. We mainly used DOTTER program for detailed comparison of two sequences to obtain these results. The main contents are as follows:Chapter one mainly introduces the whole characteristics of human Y chromosome;Chapter two mainly describes the characteristics, functions andrecombination modes of the palindromes in Y chromosome;Chapter three mainly analyses the symmetries of 8 palindromes of Y chromosome, we find a mechanism of symmetry breaking in P2 palindrome from a detailed analysis;initially introduces other 7 palindromes.

本文主要借助于DOTTER程序对Y染色体的回文序列进行分析，主要内容如下：第一章主要介绍人类Y染色体的整体特征；第二章主要描述Y染色体中回文序列的特征、功能及重组模式；第三章主要是对Y染色体8个回文序列的对称性分析，主要对P2回文进行了详细分析，提出了P2回文的对称性发生破缺的机理；对其他7个回文进行了初步分析。

Since curly leaf hybrid could be recognized at early stage,and displayedobvious dwarfness,choosing"Zha′ai 76"as paternal parent not only raised thehybrid-selecting efficiency from the pollinated progenies,but also raised thebreeding efficiency of apomctc dwarf roostock of apple.

鉴别宽叶型杂种较难、需时较长(2-3年生时)并需与染色体倍性鉴定法相结合，因其形态变化较小而生长势又与平邑甜茶无融合生殖苗无明显差异；鉴别光叶型杂种因父本染色体组的影响加大而从形态上容易些，但也需过氧化物同工酶法或染色体倍性鉴定法相配合；皱叶型杂种因在苗期刚出1-2片真叶时就表现明显的标志性状、能从叶片形态上准确鉴别出来，毋须染色体倍性鉴定等复杂方法；因皱叶型杂种能早期鉴别，又表现明显的矮生性，因而选用"扎矮76"做父本不仅大大提高了平邑甜茶授粉后代中选择杂种的效率，而且提高了苹果无融合生殖型实生矮砧育种的效率。

Distorting of them by type, the rate of number aberration is 9.9%, the rate of the structure aberration is 2.3% and the abnormal rate of the chromosome polymorphism diversity is 3.5%. Distorting of them by chromosome, the rate of the euchromosome aberration is 11.7% and the rate of the sex chromosome aberration is 4.0%.

其中按畸变类型分类，数目畸变率为9.9％，结构畸变率为2.3％，染色体多态性畸变率为3.5％；按染色体不同分类，常染色体畸变率为11.7％，性染色体畸变率为4.0％。

With Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene.

随着死亡的吉他手Schuldiner接受主唱的职务，乐队在现实中树立了重要的影响。

But he could still end up breakfasting on Swiss-government issue muesli because all six are accused of nicking around 45 million pounds they should have paid to FIFA.

不过他最后仍有可能沦为瑞士政府&议事餐桌&上的一道早餐，因为这所有六个人都被指控把本应支付给国际足联的大约4500万英镑骗了个精光。