染色体

By phenotype observation, combined with root tipchromosome counting, PMC MI pairing analysis and chromosome C-banding, a ditelosomic addition line 94K227 and a disomic addition line 94K280 was identified among BC2F2 and BC2F3 population respectively.C-banding results showed that 94K227 contains 1 pair of long arms in chromosome B, and 94K280 contains 1 pair of chromosome D from R.

用普通小麦-纤毛鹅观草双倍体与普通小麦中国春连续回交两次，然后连续自交，通过形态观察、根尖细胞染色体计数、花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ染色体配对分析及染色体C－分带，在BC2F3和BC2F3群体中，分别筛选到一个端二体异附加系94K227和一个二体异附加系94K280，其中C-分带显示94K227添加的是纤毛鹅观草染色体B的一对长臂， 94K280添加的是纤毛鹅观草的一对染色体D。

The chromosome number is 2n=96, belonging to hexaploid species (2n=6x=96), and the morphological difference is not obvious among the 96 chromosomes. All the chromosomes are metacentric and submetacentric. Relative length ratio of the longest to the shortest chromosomes is 2.10. There is no satellite chromosome in all the 96 chromosomes. The karyotype formula is 2n=96=60m+36sm, the karyotype type is 2B, a higher karyotype evolution.

结果表明，该入侵种的染色体数为2 n=96，属六倍体物种，各染色体间形态差异不明显，均为中着丝粒或近中着丝粒染色体，最长与最短染色体相对长度比为2.10，全套染色体未见随体，核型公式为2 n=96=60 m+36 sm，核型类型为进化程度较高的2B型。

Karyotypic findings showed that all cultivars were mixoploid with chromosome number ranging from 49 to 57, and 54 was the most frequent number observed.

结果表明：（1）17个栽培小菊均为混倍体，染色体数在49～57之间变异，以54条为主；（2）染色体呈现多态性：多数品种由中部、近中部和近端部着丝粒染色体组成；最长与最短染色体的比值为1.62～2.39；臂比＞2的染色体所占的比率为11.11%～29.62%；核型不对称系数为59.74%～63.37%；3个地被菊品种和'奥运橙光'、'金陵白凤'（2n=53）核型类型为&2B&，其它品种为&2A&型。

In mixoploid plants, somatic cells with 2n=25~29 were most frequent except for a few haploid cells (2n=19) and chromosome doubling cells (2n=50~60). Abnormal chromosome behaviors were observed in pollen mother cells from mixoploid BI-1 and haploid, including chromosome bridges, laggard chromosomes, meiotic cycle asynchrony and unequal separation of chromosomes.

对混倍体植株BI-1和单倍体植株的花粉母细胞(Pollen mother cells，PMCs)减数分裂染色体行为观察发现，高频率出现染色体落后、染色体桥、染色体分裂周期不同步、不均等分离等异常染色体行为。

The signals look like noncontinuous beads on the DNA fiber,which consist of multi-copy and arrange tandemly.Fiber-FISH results with 45S rDNA probe showed that an average signal length is about 3～11μm in many tandem copy sequence(measure number,n=8),so we estimated the size of each copy to be approximately 11～30kb in cotton genome.There are dual signals on each end of the mitosis metaphase chromosomes and pachytene chromosomes hybridized with telomere DNA probe.The signals also look like non-continuous beads on the DNA fiber,the length is about 1～9μm,so we estimated the size is about 4～27kb.The signals almost covered the whole mitosis metaphase chromosomes and pachytene chromosomes of G.arboretum Shixiya 1 hybridized with gDNA probe,the euchromatin zone and heterochromatin zone were identified clearly on pachytene chromosomes,and the signals also look like non-continuous beads.Two BAC clones 150-D-24 and 182-F-9 in DNA BAC library of Pima90 were selected as probe to hybridize with mitosis metaphase chromosomes,pachytene chromosomes and DNA fiber of G.raimondii.

棉花FISH技术系统的应用研究。45S rDNA在亚洲棉石系亚1号中期和粗线期染色体上有两对大的信号，在DNA纤维上信号为非连续的念珠状，多个拷贝串联排列，每个拷贝长度大约在3～11μm，推测每个拷贝的实际长度为11～30kb；端粒序列在亚洲棉石系亚1号中期和粗线期染色体端部都有双点信号，在DNA纤维上信号也为非连续的念珠状，不同染色体上信号长度大约在1～9μm不等，推测实际长度为4～27kb；gDNA信号几乎布满整个亚洲棉石系亚1号中期和粗线期染色体，在粗线期染色体上能明显区分出常染色质区和异染色质区，DNA纤维上的信号均为非连续的念珠状。

There appeared prominent signals on pericentric regions of all the other chromosomes besides chromosome 4. The signals were strong on most of the chromosomes and weak only on one chromosome pair.

这一克隆除在第4染色体近着丝粒区显示明显的信号外，其它染色体的近着丝粒区同样具有信号，多数染色体为强信号，仅1对染色体信号较弱，还有3对染色体具有像着丝粒两侧异染色质块(pericentric heterochromatin block)的信号，中间有一个缢痕。

The results of measuring chromosome and one-way ANOVA analysis showed that the relative length of all autosomes was different among the sheep breeds.The X chromosomes were similar and the Y chromosomes were different not only in relative length p

测量染色体长度，计算相对长度，并进行单因素方差分析表明，绵羊各常染色体的相对长度之间存在一定的差异；对性染色体进行Duncan′s 多重比较，种群间X 染色体差异较小；Y 染色体种群间不但存在形态差异，且在相对长度上差异极显著P

B chromosomes do not pair with A chromosomes,they are inherited in a non-Mendelian way, exhibiting meiotic and mitotic instability andnondisjunction. Bs have little influence with the phenotype. DNA sequence differences in rye genomes (JNK population with similar geneticbackground) with and without B chromosomes were analyzed by random amplifiedpolymorphic DNA.

目前，已在约1300种植物和逾500种动物中发现了B染色体，实际含有B染色体的物种数远远不止这些。B染色体具有许多独特的性质：它独立于A染色体之外，不与任何A染色体配对，为非孟德尔遗传，具有不分离机制，不携带或极少携带核仁组织区，无影响表型的基因。

Karyotypes of root tip chromosome showed that the arm volume ratio, the mean relative volume and idiogram were identical before and after improving seed vigor, so the pattern of chromosome did not change. But we couldnt confirm whether the pattern of other separation dates and the inner structure varied in this experiment, such as gene mutation.

根尖染色体核型分析结果，甘蓝种子在活力提高前后染色体的臂比值相同，相对长度相同，表明活力提高后染色体在形态及核型上无明显变化，而对于除中期外的其它分裂期染色体的形态特征以及染色体内部结构有无明显变异在本试验条件下尚不能确定。

The rest reside among the populations. and that about 80.98% of 12 double chromosomal variability in arm ratio existed within the populations. The rest reside among the populations. Nested random effects analysis of variance for variable the relative length, arm ratio of chromosome, the mean of ratio (largest/smallest), mean ratio of ann. As. K. and actual length of genome of chromosome. As a resuit, chromosomal structure variations was 96.36% within the populations.

结果］在相付长度方面，香水百合12对染色体变异约有88.91%来源于居群内，约有11.09%来源于居群间；在臂比方面，香水百合12对染色体变异约有80.98%来源于居群内，约有19.02%来源于居群间；在染色体长度比、平均臂比、核型不对称系数和染色体组实际长度方面，香水百合染色体变异约有96.36%来源于居群内，约有3.64%来源于居群间。

With Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene.

随着死亡的吉他手Schuldiner接受主唱的职务，乐队在现实中树立了重要的影响。

But he could still end up breakfasting on Swiss-government issue muesli because all six are accused of nicking around 45 million pounds they should have paid to FIFA.

不过他最后仍有可能沦为瑞士政府&议事餐桌&上的一道早餐，因为这所有六个人都被指控把本应支付给国际足联的大约4500万英镑骗了个精光。