染色体

It is speculated that most of the multiple pengze crucian carp are tetraploid, their chromosomes consist of the whole maternal chromo some set and a haploid paternal chromosome set, they belong to the filial generation from ovum of female parent pengze crucian carp which inserts haploid genome of agnate.

推测多数复合鲫个体为复合四倍体异育彭泽鲫，其染色体组包含母本彭泽鲫的全套染色体和父本单倍染色体组所产生的子代，少数个体可能为非整倍体。

Autosome :Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome.

常染色体：除性染色体以外各对染色体，通常以 A 表示。

Androgen receptor gene located on the X chromosome was first found as a susceptibility gene of AGA. Further more, the sex-determining gene located on the Y chromosome and the hairless gene on the autosome gene were also associated with AGA.

第一个发现的雄激素性秃发易感基因-雄激素受体基因，位于X染色体上；另外，位于Y染色体上的性别决定基因、常染色体上的脱发基因等也与雄激素性秃发发病有关。

Literature Research The etiological factors of POF are not still clear. The changes of sites and numbers in X chromatosome, X; autosome translocations, a forkhead transcription factor gene (FOXL2) mutations, FRAXA premutations and inhibits gene mutations are found in POF patients, so genetic disorders have been thought to be involved. Irradiation, chemotherapy or pelvic operations can damage ovaries and cause ovarian atrophy and failure, so it is thought one factor of POF.

一、文献研究 POF的确切病因目前尚不清楚，从POF患者体内检测到X染色体上位点和数目的变化，X染色体与常染色体间的平衡易位，脆性X基因前突变，FOXL2基因突变，抑制素基因突变等，故认为POF发生与遗传因素有关；由于放射、化疗或盆腔手术等可损伤卵巢，导致卵巢萎缩，出现卵巢衰竭，故也是导致POF的因素之一。

Blood samples from 23 Huacaya alpacas ,3 males and 20 females ,were used to study chromosome karyotype ,so as to provide some effective cytogenetics basis for the selectioiymprovement by crossing and disease diagnosis of alpacas ,and genetic mechanisms of sex determination. Peripheral blood lymphocyte culture was used to prepare chromosome. Methods of trypsase-EDTA and BSG (Barium hydroxide / Saline / Giemsa)were used for G-banding and C-banding respectively . The results showed as follows:Firstly , the number of diploid chromosomes was in the alpacas 2n=74,with the karyotype 74, XY and 74, XX for males and females respectively.

为了从选种、杂交改良、疾病诊断以及性别决定的遗传机制等方面为羊驼的繁育与推广提供更为有效的细胞遗传学资料，本试验采用外周血淋巴细胞培养法制备染色体，分析了23只胡阿基亚型羊驼(Huacaya alpaca，雌20只，雄3只)的染色体及其核型，并通过BSG法(Barium hydroxide／Saline／Giemsa，氢氧化钡-盐溶液-吉姆萨，也即Sumner BSG法)与胰酶-EDTA法分别对羊驼的C-分带和G-分带进行分析，结果表明：(1)羊驼二倍体染色体数目为2n=74，雄性羊驼核型为74，XY；雌性羊驼核型为74，XX。

Eleven QTLs were detected by the soft WinQTL Cartographer 2.0, which tow each were located on chromosomes 1, 5, 7, and 12 and one each on the chromosomes 2, 8 and 11. The phenotypic variation for leaf rolling degree explained by these QTLs ranged from 4.7% to 11.8%.

应用WinQTL Cartographer 2.0软件，共检测到11个抗旱QTL，分别位于第1，2，5，7，8，11，12染色体上，其中第1，5，7，12染色体每条上检测剑2个QTL，其余染色体上检测到1个QTL。

Either of the two daughter strands of a duplicated chromosome that are joined by a single centromere and separate during cell division to become individual chromosomes.

染色单体染色体复制产生的两个单体中的一个，由细胞分裂过程中染色体在一个着丝点上分裂形成单个染色体

The research was ultimately possible thanks to the unique composition of the fruit flies' polytene cells -- giant, multistranded chromosomes with hundreds of sets of the genome instead of the usual two sets in conventional cells.

这项研究可能最终还要感谢果蝇与众不同的染色体组成--巨大、多链状染色体，和一般细胞两套染色体不同，果蝇染色体有数百套之多。

Without the help of microscope, computer etc, and lack of some related subjects such as statistics, in the initial stage of the development of karyotype analysis technique, scientists analyzed karyotype only by utilizing chromosome morphology mark length of chromosomes, arm ratio, satellites, etc.

除了通过显微镜，计算机等的帮助外，我们还需要一些相近学科方面所提供的知识，例如统计学，应用于原始期的染色体组型分析技术的发展，科学家分析染色体的组型仅仅利用染色体形态学上的标志（染色体长度，臂长比，着丝点等

The results showed that after 2 h of culture in MEM the chromosomes of oocyte were seperated to form telophase I while a small spindle was observed around chromosomes of primary spermatocyte. However, two clear spindles were observed in the oocytes cultured in CB containing MEM. After further culture, the chromosomes of both primary spermatocyte and oocyte intermingled and formed one large spindle.

在无CB的培养液中培养的卵母细胞培养2小时后，卵母细胞已经进入第一次减数分裂的后期，染色体开始被拉向两极，而精母细胞的MI纺锤体才刚刚形成，虽然继续培养两者染色体可以合二为一并形成一个纺锤体，但是有些染色体发生滞后；当卵母细胞在含有CB的培养液中培养2小时后，在卵母细胞内形成两个相似大小的MI纺锤体，进一步培养形成一个大的纺锤体，染色体正常。

In the United States, chronic alcoholism and hepatitis C are the most common ones.

在美国，慢性酒精中毒，肝炎是最常见的。

If you have any questions, you can contact me anytime.

如果有任何问题，你可以随时联系我。