染色体

Methods Amniocenteses were performed in 34 pregnant women of 16～23 gestational weeks with indications for prenatal diagnosis. The amniotic fluid samples were cultured in Chang's medium. The metaphase chromosomes were hybridized insitu with the human centromere probes,α-satellites DNA probes of X, Y,13, 21, 18 chromosomes and all primer chromosome probes. These probes were conjugated by Biotin and Dioxin then. The treated slides were examined and taken photos under the fluoromicroscope.

对34例孕16～23周有产前诊断指征者经腹部抽取羊水，用Chang培养液传代培养，常规制备羊水细胞分裂中期染色体，应用生物素及地高辛标记的人类全着丝粒探针和X、Y、13、21、18号染色体α-着丝粒探针及染色体全涂染探针，与培养的羊水细胞分裂中期染色体DNA进行原位杂交，杂交后用荧光显微镜观察玻片并摄像。

In this study, genetic analyses were conducted to determine the genetic basis in an elite resistant inbred line Siyi with complete resistance to maize dwarf mosaic. A new genetic model, two dominant complementary genes conditioning the resistance, were found by Mendelian genetic analysis based on parents, F1, F2 and backcrosses in three successive years' field trails. The two genes were further mapped near the centromere of chromosome 3 and 6, respectively by tightly linked microsatellite markers using 242 plants from F2 generation. The resistance gene on chromosome 3 is 1.0 cM apart from the flanking markers phi053 and umc1527, respectively. Whereas the linkage distance between two flanking markers bnlg1600 and phi075 and resistance gene on chromosome 6 was 1.0 and 4.0 cM, respectively. Genotypic analysis of the plants from testcross and F3 populations supported the new genetic manners.

课题组通过连续三年的抗病鉴定，在国内种质资源中筛选出一份综合农艺性状优良、配合力较高的自交系四一，三年的表型遗传研究和两年的分子标记工作，发现四一中的玉米矮花叶病抗性是由两对显性互补基因控制的，进而利用F2作图群体，把发现的两个基因定位在第三和第六染色体的着丝点附近，并获得了双侧紧密连锁的分子标记连锁图谱，其中第三染色体上的分子标记UMC1527和phi053从抗病基因双侧逼近1 cM，而第六染色体上的分子标记phi075、bnlg1600从抗病基因双侧分别逼近4 cM和1 cM；利用B2群体、F2：3家系、BC3F1群体和带有第三、第六染色体抗病基因以及两个抗病基因的近等基因系，进一步证实了四一中成株期抗性是由两个显性互补基因控制的。

The remaining pairs are called autosomes. Chromosome 1 is the largest and chromosome 22 the smallest.

其余的染色体称为常染色体。1号染色体最大，22号染色体最小。

In Klinefelter's syndrome however, due to one of nature's accidents, when the male sperm fuses with the female egg, the fetal cells have at least one extra X chromosome. The most common number of chromosomes found in KS is 47, that is 44 autosomes and 3 sex chromosomes giving a karyotype of 47,XXY.

在克氏综合徵，但由於一大自然的意外，当男性的精子导火索，与女性卵子，胎儿细胞有至少一个额外的X染色体是最常见的染色体数目，发现在堪萨斯州是47 ，这是44 autosomes和三性染色体给予染色体核型47 ， xxy 。

The configuration of metaphase chromosome; three kinds of functional elements about chromosome DNA; karyotype and chromosome bandings; giant chromosome.

三 中期染色体的形态结构；染色体DNA的三种功能元件；核型与染色体显带；巨大染色体。

Kamoji F1 × Chinese Spring also ranged from 55 to 63; however, many bivalents at MI of PMC and fertile pollen were observed resulting in partial fruitfulness in some BC1 plants by self-crossing. A plant (2n=63) with 42 wheat chromosomes and 21 R. kamoji chromosomes was obtained from R.

在F1中有1株穗型趋向中国春，其染色体数目为2n=63，经染色体分子原位杂交检测，含有42条小麦染色体和21条鹅观草染色体。

The dynamic behaviou r of chromatid core formation suggests that this structure represents a real str cutural component existing in metaphase chromosomes and that it may play certain important role in the maintenance,stabilization and condensation of chromos omes.

染色体形成的动态行为，一方面暗示了这种结构在染色体集缩和维持中期染色体的形态方面起某种重要作用；另一方面说明了轴是染色体中存在的一种真实结构。

Vulgaris and Beta M14 BAC clone 16-M11 and 26-L15 are florescence specific expression BAC of Beta M14, both BAC clone 16-M11 and 26-L15 were in situ hybridization to monosomic addition lines(2n=2x=18+1) M14 chromosomes, they were located on the long arm of corollinae chromosome 9. the dominant factor of BAC clone 16-M11 and 26-L15 appears to hemizygous, because no equivalent region has been found in sexual Beta.

选用这两个BAC克隆作为探针，对M14甜菜有丝分裂中期染色体组进行荧光原位杂交，结果发现，BAC克隆16-M11和26-L15定位于M14甜菜附加的一条白花甜菜9号染色体上，有性栽培甜菜染色体上没有出现信号，两个BAC克隆在M14甜菜中呈半合子状态，遗传行为象单价显性基因，是白花甜菜9号染色体特异的。

Monosomy and srisomy are the conditions in which one or three homologs occur respectively, instead of the normal two.

单染色体以及三染色体都是正常的染色体缺失或增加一条染色体造成的。

The results showed that the irradiation of γ-rays inhibited mitoses and produced various aberrations, such as single micronucleus, double micronucleus, multi-micronucleus, small micronucleus, chromosome fragment, chromosome conglutination, single bridge, double bridge, multi-bridge, dissociative chromosome, lagging bridge in root tip cells of Medicago sative L.

实验结果表明，γ射线辐照苜蓿种子可以抑制根尖细胞有丝分裂，并诱发根尖细胞产生单微核、双微核、多微核、小核、染色体断片、染色体粘连、单桥、双桥、多桥、游离染色体、落后染色体等多种畸变。

In the United States, chronic alcoholism and hepatitis C are the most common ones.

在美国，慢性酒精中毒，肝炎是最常见的。

If you have any questions, you can contact me anytime.

如果有任何问题，你可以随时联系我。