柏拉图

In a remote mountain area near Katmandu, Jean- Francois Revel, the French thinker once held a conversation with his son, Matthieu Ricard who had converted to Buddism. It was a collision between Buddism and Western thinking. The Analects of Confucius, a record of conversations between Confucius and his disciples, has been teaching later generations justice, ethics and learning strategies. The great philosopher Socartes did not write any book during his life. All we have are the conversations he made which were recorded by his disciples Plato and Xenophon.

在尼泊尔靠近加德满都的一座小山的僻静处，法国思想家让-朗索瓦·勒维尔（ Jean- Francois Revel ）与他皈依佛教的儿子马蒂厄·里卡尔展开了谈话，那意味着一场关于佛教与西方思想的碰撞；《论语》记录了孔子与弟子们的谈话，那里有正义、道德、治学……；大哲学家苏格拉底一生没有著作，他的思想是弟子柏拉图和色若芬记下的他的谈话，并因此得以流传。

Plato, Protagoras, 319a1-2, and Timaeus, 19e; also Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, 1181a12 ff.

柏拉图，《普罗塔哥拉》，319a1-2，《蒂迈欧篇》19e；也见亚里士多德，《尼各马可伦理学》，1181a12及其后内容。

For over 2000 years the Socrates-Plato-Hegel tradition of Western philosophy has been dominated by"metaphysics of presence"which takes the supersensory and abstract concept for the founda tion of all things.

西方自苏格拉底—柏拉图到黑格尔两千多年间的哲学追问方式，就其占统治地位的方面而言，是以超感性、超时空的抽象概念为万事万物之根底的&在场形而上学&。

Untangling what Socrates said—or might have said—from what Plato represents him as saying is therefore a very difficult task.

解开什么苏格拉底说，或有可能说，从柏拉图代表他的话说是一个非常艰巨的任务。

Were hunting in the park, the hounds were in full cry and their voices came in through the open window.

他看到她正坐在一个飘窗下，阅读柏拉图关于苏格拉底之死的有趣描述。

In Plato's Phaedrus , Socrates bemoaned the development of writing.

在柏拉图《斐德若》中，苏格拉底哀叹文字的发展。

In Plato's Phaedrus , Socrates bemoaned the development of writing.

在柏拉图的作品《对话篇·菲德洛斯》中，苏格拉底为写作的新发展哀叹不已。

As early as Before Chin Dynasty, the Confucianists had developed the learning tradition that virtue and truth were emphasized equally. Their learning principle was self-cultivation in both benevolence and wisdom, i.e. moral inquiry.The learning tradition of ancient West mainly means the learning tradition created by Socrates and developed by Plato and Aristotle. It paid close attention to existence and the intrinsic consistence of knowledge and benevolence.The Enlightenment had dual influence on existentialism meaning of learning. For one thing, it created conditions for the liberation of human. The call for ration, freedom and democracy aroused inquiry spirit in education. For another,"subject-object" dualism looked oh scientific knowledge as rigid object truth, and human mind became "mirror" to reflect the objective reality. So education degenerated into knowledge indoctrinating and skills training. It depressed inquiry spirit and human creative personality.

先秦以来儒家的学习传统是强调真理与德性并重，儒家的学习原则是仁智双修，德性探究；古代西方的学习传统，主要是指由苏格拉底所开创，经柏拉图、亚里士多德继承和发展的关注人的生存、追求知识与&善&的内在一致性的学习传统；启蒙运动一方面为在教育中实现人的解放创造了条件，对理性、自由和民主的呼唤催生了教育中的探究精神，但另一方面，启蒙理性的&主-客体&二元论性格，使得科学知识变成僵化的客观真理，人的心灵变成反映客观实在的&镜子&，教育由此退变为知识灌输和技能训练的过程，压抑了探究精神和人的创造个性。

Plato, Kant, Twain, Shakespeare and Yogi Berra crop up repeatedly.So does Woody Allen, whose winning line "I told him to be fruitful andmultiply, but not in those words" beautifully distils Mr Pinker's point that,when something unpleasant happens to us, our conversation "turns abruptly tosexuality, excretion or religion".

书中反复提到了柏拉图、康德、马克·吐温、莎士比亚、约吉·贝拉等人，伍迪·阿伦也在其列，他那句令人折服的&我是要让他繁衍不息，但话可不能那么说&极好地展现了平克观点精华之所在，那就是当我们遭遇不幸时，我们的话题就会&突然转移到性行为、排泄物或者宗教上来。&

Following the same train of thinking of Parmenides,Socrates and Plato,in the ""thinking soul"",presented and testified the existence of ideal realm which is the origin,the starting point and the ultimate end of the world and contemplated,intuited and testified the nature and existence of Deity in the nature of Idea.

基于 同样的理解，苏格拉底和柏拉图承继着巴门尼德的思路，通过&灵魂之思&呈现、确证作为世界本原、起点和终极目的的理念世界的存在；并在理念的本性中，思考、观照、指证神的本性与存在。

With Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene.

随着死亡的吉他手Schuldiner接受主唱的职务，乐队在现实中树立了重要的影响。

But he could still end up breakfasting on Swiss-government issue muesli because all six are accused of nicking around 45 million pounds they should have paid to FIFA.

不过他最后仍有可能沦为瑞士政府&议事餐桌&上的一道早餐，因为这所有六个人都被指控把本应支付给国际足联的大约4500万英镑骗了个精光。