柏拉图

In the furious struggle between newly established Aristotelianism and Augustinianism which insisted the tradition of Platonism, two great theologians and philosophers, Thomas Aquinas and Bonaventure presented themselves, who stood for the highest level of theology and philosophy system at that time. The former one successfully established a new philosophy system using Aristotelianism, and the latter one developed the Platonism-Augustinianism to the peak.

在新兴的亚里士多德主义与坚持柏拉图传统的奥古斯丁主义之间的激烈斗争中，产生了代表那一时代创立神学－哲学综合体系最高水平的两位伟大的神学家、哲学家，即托马斯·阿奎那和波纳文图拉，前者成功地利用亚里士多德理论建立起新的神哲学体系，后者则将柏拉图传统的奥古斯丁主义发展到顶峰。

Under this solution, Plato justifies the possibility for soul of knowing the truth, and makes his way of truth possible. In this fighting, those with whom Plato fights are not those philosophers that are remarked by Aristotle in Metaphysics A 6.987a33-b10, but the philosopher of Elea, Parmenides. On the one hand, the key point of Plato's theory of Forms is coming from Parmenides' concept of Being, which is ungenerated and imperishable, yet on the other hand, the attempt for the possibility of saving the phenomena and for soul to know the truth is urging Plato to put Parmenides' claim to the question.

柏拉图在这当中所奋力搏斗的，主要并不是亚里士多德在《物理学以后诸篇》A 6.987a33-b10所提及的这些哲学家，而是历史上的这位伊利亚哲学家---巴曼尼德斯：柏拉图分离相论的核心来自巴曼尼德斯其毫无生灭变动的「完满的是」，然而，柏拉图拯救现象以及保全思考与知识的可能性的这个企图，却又是必须对巴曼尼德斯的「完满的是」提出批判。

Whereas most of Plato's oeuvre is philosophical drama, the first demand of "literalness" in translation thus would rest on faithfulness in composition style, and we must enter Plato's thought not only through philosophical perspective, but also through literature and classics, such translation and interpretation can only be an austere "back to Plato".

但柏拉图写的几乎都是哲学戏剧，因此翻译中的"信"首先要求在文风、文体等方面忠实于原著，并需要从文学和古典学的角度，而非仅仅从哲学的角度进入柏拉图思想，这样的翻译和理解或许才是真正的"回到柏拉图"。

Raz is not a Platonist, and therefore does not believe that the concept of law is some eternal Platonist Idea, which would be the same for all people or for all times.46 Therefore, it is natural to suspect that the concept we investigate is "our concept","the product of a specific culture"– our own.47 And since what counts as 'law' is independent of a society's possessing that concept, there were likely earlier cultures or alien cultures that did not or do not 'share' or 'have' our concept, yet still had law.48

拉兹并不是柏拉图主义者，因此他并不相信法律的概念是某种永恒的柏拉图的理念——这对于所有人或对于所有时代都是一样的。［46］因此，觉得我们所研究的概念是"我们的概念"，是"一种特定文化的产物"——我们自己的是非常自然的。［47］因为算作"法律"的独立于一个社会拥有的那一概念，很可能存在不能"分享"或"含有"我们的概念的早期文化或外国文化，但他们仍然有法律存在。

Finally, by studying Plato"s The Republic and his life, the paper analyses the Ruritanian characters and essence which is the relationship of knowledge and politics, and, points out that building the ideal country which is ruled by king of philosophy and this actually is Plato"s ideal of philosophy.

最后，从柏拉图《国家篇》这一著作出发结合柏拉图的生平，本文深入分析理想国家的特征和这种国家的实质也即知识与政治的关系，指出建立哲学王统治的理想国家其实也就是柏拉图的哲学理想。

The main ideal of this article is try to use the address of consultation to explain Plato's Dialogues; we use Phaedo of Plato's Dialogue to against philosophy consultation and tend to present Plato's dialogue is a complete consultation mode.

本文只以柏拉图对话集中的《斐多篇》为素材，去寻找案例式的对话，与哲学谘商中的助人技巧一一对应，金图去呈现出柏拉图的对话是一种完整的谘商模式。

In the Phaedo, the title character lists those who were in attendance at the prison on Socrates' last day, explaining Plato's absence by saying,"Plato was ill".

在《斐多篇》中，头脑人物列出了在苏格拉底死亡那天来探视的人名单，用&柏拉图病了&解释柏拉图的缺席。

The writings of the middle period include Gorgias (a consideration of several ethical questions), Meno (a discussion of the nature of knowledge), the Apology (Socrates' defense of himself at his trial against the charges of atheism and corrupting Athenian youth), Crito (Socrates' defense of obedience to the laws of the state), Phaedo (the death scene of Socrates, in which he discusses the theory of Forms, the nature of the soul, and the question of immortality), the Symposium (Plato's outstanding dramatic achievement, which contains several speeches on beauty and love), the Republic (Plato's supreme philosophical achievement, which is a detailed discussion of the nature of justice).

中期这部分的著作包括《高尔吉亚篇》(关于几个伦理问题的讨论)，《美诺篇》，《申辩》(在法庭上苏格拉底自己对于指控他无神论和腐蚀雅典青年的罪名的辩护)，《克里托篇》(苏格拉底对于顺从城邦法律所做的辩护)，《费多篇》(苏格拉底之死，他讨论了&型相论&，自然灵魂和不朽的问题)，《会饮篇》(柏拉图最突出和生动的作品，它包含几篇对于&美&和&爱&的演讲)，《理想国》(柏拉图最高的哲学成就，它详细的讨论了关于&正义&的问题)。

Through his portrayal in Plato's dialogues, Socrates has become renowned for his contribution to the field of ethics, and it is this Platonic Socrates who also lends his name to the concepts of Socratic irony and the Socratic method, or elenchus.

通过他在柏拉图对话录中的表现，苏格拉底因对伦理学的贡献而闻名，正是借用柏拉图的苏格拉底的名字得到苏格拉底反讽与苏格拉底方法的概念。

This paper focuses on Jacques Derrida 's Plato studies, which reveals the problem of textual interpretation of Plato's Phaedrus. Through the close readings and intensive analysis, Derrida finds the latent meanings in Plato's text, which have long been overlooked.

提要： 文章以雅克·德里达对柏拉图的研究为中介，以&柏拉图文本的解读难题&为导引，通过对以《斐德罗篇》为中心的重读，发现了在柏拉图的文本中，存在着一种长期不为人所注意的潜在意义。

In the United States, chronic alcoholism and hepatitis C are the most common ones.

在美国，慢性酒精中毒，肝炎是最常见的。

If you have any questions, you can contact me anytime.

如果有任何问题，你可以随时联系我。