林木

To improve the precision of tree biomass parameter calculation, this paper explicates the principle, method and process to estimate the parameters of tree biomass by the nonlinear least square according to the formula of allometry method. It gives the formula to calculate the variance and covariance estimated parameters, and reveals the essence of logarithmic linearization regression of power function.

为了提高林木生物量参数的计算精度，根据林木相对生长公式，阐述用非线性最小二乘法求解生物量参数估值的原理、方法和过程；给出计算参数估值之方差与协方差的公式；揭示幂函数对数线性化回归的本质。

Conventional forest breeding is constrained by its long reproductive cycle, which includes long juvenile period, and by its complex reproductive characteristics, such as self-incompatibility and a high degree of heterozygosis. Gene transformation has played an important role in woody plant improvement, which can shorten breeding period and breed varieties with high salt tolerance.

随着分子生物学技术的发展，从盐生植物中分离出抗盐基因，导入林木，获得抗盐品种；况且林木由于其较长的幼年期，常规育种有明显的局限性，而通过转基因可以在较短时间内获得高抗盐品种，缩短育种周期，因此开展林木抗盐育种具有重要的意义。

Data for the study were collected by field survey and collection of second-hand material.The main conclusions of the study include: 1 the transfer of collective forest land and stumpage will determine to what extent the aims of the current institutional reform will be achieved; 2 at present the transfer is highly affected by the transfer institution, while the requirement of transaction in the market is not suited to farmers; 3 farmers earn money from the transfer, while they do not benefit reasonably from the transfer; 4 farmers'economic activities are not completely rational, and their economic behaviors are affected by cognitive degree on the institution, non-agricultural production activities, investment in forestry, and family status; 5 there are large variations among those who take over different forest lands and stumpages, however they all try to maximize their owns profits; and 6 policy regulation plays negative influence on the development of transaction market.

本研究结论如下：第一，集体林地林木流转的开展情况对于集体林权制度改革目标实现的影响重大；第二，集体林地林木流转现状反映了现行流转制度安排；第三，农户通过流转得以增收，但流转收益并不完全具有合理性；第四，农户转出林地林木行为受制度认知程度、非农生产活动、林业生产投入和家庭状况等多层面因素影响；第五，受制度约束影响，受让方流转行呈现差异性；第六，政策规制的存在，影响了流转市场发育。

In order to obtain the stem diameter,height,sweep and to accelerate the automatic measurement for trees,a automatic me- asurement system is developed based on digital image processing. The measurement system mainly consists of an image capturer, a viewing angle adjustor, two calibration rods and an adjustable vertical staff and a notebook PC computer.

为了有效地测取样树的胸径、树高、冠幅等参数，促进林木测量自动化，采用数字图像处理技术开发了一套林木自动测量系统，主要包括图像摄取仪、视角调节机构、测量标尺、笔记本电脑等硬件，测量计算软件则包含平视测量、仰视测量、图像处理、参数计算和林木生长情况评价等功能模块。

Finally, After overall analysis of 28 listed companies'annual report in 2007 which own forestry biological assets, there is reasonable conclusion that the fifth rule of biological assets in national Corporate Accounting Principles needs further revise and improvement, the main tasks are to revise the form of item listing in accounting statements and increase additional reporting content, namely forestry biological assets should concentrate to list the three types of consumption, production and public welfare, add detailed list related to forestry biological assets, increase the reporting requirement of forestry biological assets'categories and amounts or volume, reporting the listed companies about their methods of accounting and valuation and cost situation mandatorily, and last, report the other related information about forestry biological assets.

3对拥有林木类生物资产的28家上市公司2007年年报的分析研究，认为我国《企业会计准则第5号--生物资产》关于林木类生物资产会计信息披露规定需要进一步修订和完善，其主要内容是改进会计报表中项目列示方式和增加附表、附注披露内容，即林木类生物资产应将消耗性、生产性和公益性三类集中列示；增设相关林木类生物资产明细表；增加林木类生物资产种类和数量披露要求；强制性披露上市公司林木类生物资产核算办法、计价方法及费用归集情况；自愿披露林木类生物资产其他相关信息。

The result pointed out that the vertical distribution of foliage for each species was different,however,generally speaking,the foliage in upper crown (0.3CL) for broad-leaved species in natural secondary forest took a small percentage,about 10%;in middle or middle lower of the crown(0.4CL to 0.8CL) the branches here took the majority percentage of whole foliage,almost 60%to 75%;but in lower crown(0.8CL),there was about 10%of whole foliage.(5)The interspecies competition of trees in secondary forest was expressed by Hegyi competitioin index,and the active competitor was calculated by the competition zone radius and the tree position,DBH,and distance in the zone,it was not all competitors in tranditional calculation.The study introduced crown area overlap index to describe the crown competition between subject tree and its competitors,furthermore,the crown area was classified into 5 levels with a method of equal crown projection area,therefor,the resulting crown area overlap index showed more realities of existing stand conditons.(6)Based on the theoretics of multiply divide,the spatial strcture optimizing model of secondary forest stand selective thinning was developed by diversity mingling,aggregation index,competition index and crown area overlap index,also designed 10 constraint conditions which were related to forestry meanings,the objective function was solved by the implicit enumeration method with LINGO 9.0,using 0-1 integer programming.

并且得出，每个树种在树冠内相对高度上的叶量的垂直分布是不同的，天然次生林阔叶树种的叶量在树冠的上部(0.3CL以下)所占比例很小，约占10%左右；在树冠的中部以及中下部(0.4CL～0.8CL)，叶量所占比例最大，几乎集中了整个树冠60%～75%的叶量；而在树冠的下部(0.8CL以下)，几乎占很少的叶量，大约10%左右。5、采用Hegyi竞争指数来表现次生林内林木的竞争关系，并且根据竞争圈的大小和林木在竞争圈内的分布位置、大小与距离来计算有效的竞争木，并不是传统意义上的全部竞争木；本研究提出用树冠叠加指数来表示林木与周围树木的树冠竞争情况，并采用等树冠投影面积法把树冠分为5级，这样计算的树冠叠加指数更加与现实林分相符。6、本研究基于乘除法的思想，用多样性混交度、聚集指数、竞争指数和树冠叠加指数构建了天然次生林择伐空间优化模型，设计了10个与林学意义相一致的约束条件，并采用0-1整数规划的思路，在LINGO9.0软件中使用了隐枚举法对目标函数求得最优解。7、以M702标准地为应用实例，具体计算出了每株采伐木，经过择伐后，目标函数值按模型设计的要求发生了极大的改变，增加了5倍多，说明了最后这个解的优良性，满足了设计的要求。

On December 25, 2009, when in wind of rain forest wood atelier disbands a year, government of group of wind of rain forest wood announces to be rolled out formally at 24 days " wind of rain forest wood opens a source operating system ", the Windows subject with interfacial compositive and classic acquiesce, product of software of first when the group of wind of rain forest wood that this is new face about rolls out own research and development.

2009年12月25日，在雨林木风工作室解散一周年之时，雨林木风团队官方宣布于24日正式推出&雨林木风开源操作系统&，界面默认集成经典的Windows主题，这是重新转身的雨林木风团队推出的首款自主研发软件产品。

On the Quasi- usufruct in Real Law of Our Country;2. Under the premise of the feasible mortgage of the forest property,this article analyzed the feasibility of the usufruct mortgage of forest property from the view angle of historic evolution of the mortgage and the legal system interpretation of the Guaranty Law.

在林木所有权可以抵押的前提下，从抵押权的历史发展和《担保法》的体系解释两个角度，阐述林木用益物权抵押的可行性；分析我国禁止重复抵押的不当之处以及建立林木重复抵押制度的必要性和可行性；主张林木可以与林地使用权分离单独设定抵押权，也可以与林地使用权一并设定抵押权。

Incident comments on: Of group of development of wind of rain forest wood disband having very big concern with the tomato garden incident before, as domestic copyright consciousness strengthen, of wind of rain forest wood shut what also belong to wind of wood of rain forest of hasten of general trends place also belong to hasten of general trends place.

事件点评：雨林木风开发团队的解散与之前的番茄花园事件有着很大的关系，随着国内版权意识的加强，雨林木风的关闭也属大势所趋雨林木风的关闭也属大势所趋。【以下内容为IT者网站提供英文翻译，未经授权请勿转载

Dead branches or knots in different sizes of tree was studied and different branch development phases of growth,suppression,death and self-pruning was analyzed to evaluate the effect that knot size and distribution impact on timber quality.Branch and knot dynamic models were developed using stand and tree variables.Based on multipleunit stepwise regression method, the individual tree growth model was established using forest and crown factors as the variable. The best taper equation model of Larix olgensis was bucking data of 130 sample trees selected in the studied area.

本研究以不同年龄、不同密度及不同立地条件的落叶松人工林作为研究对象，基于19块标准地中95株标准木的树干解析、枝解析及节子剖析数据，揭示了不同林分条件下林木的枝条数量及在树冠内的空间分布格局、生长发育规律；研究了不同大小树木的死枝和节子大小及其变化规律，分析了枝条的生长、被压、寿命和自然整枝过程，评价了节子大小和分布对木材质量的影响；以林分变量、林木变量和着枝深度等为自变量建立枝条生长和节子大小的动态预测模型；选择林分因子和林木的树冠因子作为竞争因子，用多元逐步回归的方法建立落叶松人工林与距离无关的单木生长模型，并根据研究地区选取的130株造材样木数据，建立了落叶松人工林最佳削度方程。

Neither the killing of Mr Zarqawi nor any breakthrough on the political front will stop the insurgency and the fratricidal murders in their tracks.

在对危险的南部地区访问时，他斥责什叶派民兵领导人对中央集权的挑衅行为。

In fact,I've got him on the satellite mobile right now.

实际上 我们已接通卫星可视电话了