林下灌木层

Among the species we measured, the maximum water holding specie is Abelia chinensis, and the minimum is Cudrania tricuspidata, and the water holding capacity of Abelia chinensis is three times as Cudrania tricuspidata. The shrub and herbage amount of six forest types is Shrubbery and grass land, Pinus massoniana forest, Mixed conifer forest, Conifer and broadleaf forest, Broadleaf forest and Cupressus funebris forest in order. And the water holding amount of shrub and herbage have positive relative with their amounts.

6种森林类型林下凋落物存储量从大到小依次是柏木林、针阔混交林、阔叶林、针叶混交林、灌草地和马尾松林；各种森林类型的凋落物都以半分解层为主，凋落物的组成以叶子为主枝条为辅，并杂有一些果实、树皮及芽鳞等；凋落物持水量从大到小依次是阔叶林、柏木林、针阔混交林、针叶混交林、灌木林和马尾松林，主要原因是除了受凋落物数量的影响外，还受凋落物成分的影响。

Results indicate that phanerophyte is the dominant synusia in the shrub layer and hemicryptophyte in the herbage layer, and Selaginella is the only species on the forest floor. Selaginella broadly distributes in the mixed and pure forests, and it holds an important position among understory vegetations.

研究结果表明：高位芽植物是灌木层中的优势层片；地面芽植物是草本植物的优势层片；卷柏是地被层的唯一植物，在侧柏纯林和混交林中分布都很广，在林下植物中占有重要地位。

Biomass of 10 plant species including Castanopsis fargesii,Pleioblastus amarus, Lindera strychnifolia,Vaccinium bracteatum,Ficus simplicissima(approximately account for 37%of total plant species in shrub layer) account for 84.15%of total biomass in shrub layer.Biomass of Woodwardia japonica and Blechnum orientale account for 93.3%of total biomass in herb layer.

在灌木层中，丝栗栲、苦竹、乌药、乌饭、三龙爪等10种灌木层植物(约占总灌木层种类的37％)占灌木层总生物量的84.1％；在草本层中，狗脊和乌毛蕨2种植物占草本层总生物量的93.3％，这说明林下灌木层和草本层植物的生物量主要集中在少数植物种类中。

The plantation defoliated in dry seasons while the mountain rain forest was tall and dense evergreen broadleaved forest and kept green in dry season.The mountain rain forest\'s arbor layer contained 3 layers.Relatively open space under the canopy,rare shrub,sparse grasses,very tall wood vines and rich epiphytes were found in it.4 Afforestation did not change the life form spectrum significantly.

西南桦人工林的乔木层在旱季落叶，而山地雨林外貌为高大、常绿、茂密的阔叶林，即使旱季也仍保持林冠葱绿的外貌，乔木层可明显的分为3层，林下比较空旷，灌木植被少见，草本植物分散，另外具有高大的木质藤本植物和附生植物。4人工造林对群落的物种生活型谱影响不大。

Davidii forest, while arbor layer could be divided into two sub-layers, with a height of 4.05-7.86 m for the upper layer, and of 2.05-3.20 m for the lower layer. In the community, there were 32 herbal species belonging to 27 genera of 13 families and dominant by Poaceae, Fabaceae and Compositae, and 11 areal types, among which, the species number in Mongolian-Northeastern China-Dahuricia-North China areal type was the highest (34.38%), followed by that in Northeastern China-North China areal type (12.5%).

结果表明：研究区刺榆林不存在灌木层；其乔木层可划分为2个亚层，上、下层高度分别为4.05~7.86和2.05~3.20m；林下共有32种草本植物，隶属13科27属，以禾本科、豆科和菊科为主；研究区有11个植被分布区型，其中，蒙古－东北－兴安－华北分布区型种类最多(34.38%)，其次为东北－华北分布区型(12.5%)。

Biological circulation rate of five elements in Chinese fir layer is 0.412,but they are 0.505and 0.556 in shrub and herb layers,and they show the law of herb layer＞shrub layer＞Chinese firlayer,this shows that understory plants have significant conservation function of soil fertility innutrient circulation,but Chinese fir tree species has larger consumption of soil fertility.

杉木层的5种元素总生物循环速率为0.412，而灌木层和草本层的5种元素总生物循环速率分别为0.505和0.556，表现出草本层〉灌木层〉杉木层的规律，说明林下植物在养分循环中具有明显的地力维护作用，而杉木对地力消耗较大。

The majority of the insects feeding on or parasitizing in Picea crassifolia were monophagous or oligophagous; the minority of them were polyphagous. The insects feeding on or parasitizing in the bush layer and grass layer were largely polyphagous, a few were oligophagous, the oligophagous insects were very few.

在青海云杉寄生或取食的昆虫多数种类为单食性或寡食性，少数种类为多食性，取食或寄生于林下灌木层和草本层的昆虫大多数为多食性，少数种类为寡食性，较少为单食性。

The quadrats of the shrub layer and herbage layer were both coordinated into four ecological types in the space of the DCA ordination. The foremost environmental factors in the DCA ordination of shrub layer is illumination and moisture, while for the herbage layer it is moisture.

DCA排序将不同林分下的灌木层和草本层都分为了4个生态类型，其中，灌木层生态类型的区分环境因子是光照和水分，而草本层生态类型的区分环境因子则是水分。

As she looked at Warrington's manly face, and dark, melancholy eyes, she had settled in her mind that he must have been the victim of an unhappy attachment.

每逢看到沃林顿那刚毅的脸，那乌黑、忧郁的眼睛，她便会相信，他一定作过不幸的爱情的受害者。

Maybe they'll disappear into a pothole.

也许他们将在壶穴里消失