构件

The basic approach of protecting people from being hurt or killed in an accident is to improve crashworthiness of vehicles. This paper starts with discussing theories and methods for vehicle passive safety design, which included experiential methods, analytic methods, multi-body dynamics methods, crash test methods and the finite element method. Emphasis will be paid to the basic FEM theories and algorithms of impact problems. Topics discussed include the governing equation, element discretization, hourglass control, time integration, material model, shell element algorithms and contact-impact algorithms. For more reliable simulation results, this paper then conducts study on how to accurately get material model parameters by combining the FEM method with experimental method, and develops relevant material test machine and parameter calculating software. Based on that, basic typical impact simulation and test validation study are conducted. On the basis of the above work, the paper studies the thin-shell structures'crashworthiness, which was affected by the following factors: spot-weld features, shell thickness, cross-section and pre-deformation. As to vehicle parts'crashworthiness, the paper conducts simulation study of designing energy-absorbing steering system and adaptive airbag system. A practical energy-absorbing steering wheel is designed as an example. In further depth research, the paper suggests several inverse quantificational methods for vehicle crashworthiness design based on the ideal crash characteristics. The above theories and methods are applied with good results through several practical vehicles' crashworthiness design and improvement.

文中对汽车碰撞安全性的设计理论和方法进行了归类和总结，其中包括经验法、解析法、多刚体动力学法、试验法以及有限元方法等；重点介绍了碰撞有限元法的基本理论和有关算法，涉及到有限元求解控制方程、单元离散、沙漏模态控制、时间积分、材料模型和应力修正、薄壳单元算法以及接触碰撞界面算法等，探讨了有限元计算中的材料模型参数获取技术，开发了相应的材料试验装置及材料模型参数反求软件，在此基础上进行了基本的碰撞仿真算例和试验对比研究；文中通过应用有限元方法研究了薄壁构件的碰撞吸能特性，指出了设计薄壁吸能构件时需要考虑的几个主要影响因素，即焊点、壁厚、横截面和预变形等；在关于车辆部件的碰撞安全性能设计中进行了吸能转向机构和自适应安全气囊的仿真研究，提出了吸能转向机构和自适应安全气囊的仿真研究方法；文中最后探讨了整车碰撞性能的设计与改进方法，提出了以理想碰撞特性为目标，采用分段加速度或者根据碰撞时间进行设计的反推设计法、部件吸能仿真优化设计法等量化设计方法，并通过综合应用文中所讨论的相关技术进行了整车碰撞性能的设计与改进实例研究，所选定的车型是大众化的普通轿车和碰撞安全性基础较差的微型面包车，研究结果表明，本文所提出的设计与改进方法是适用而有效的，具有重要的工程实用意义和价值。

From press press reinforcing steel bar rustily the angle that causes concrete compressive strength to drop, of the concrete component that studied reinforcing steel bar of press press district is rustily suffer a turn to bear the weight of force, put forward the concrete component with rustily reinforcing steel bar of press press district to bear the weight of the computational model of force and computational method.

概要： 从受压钢筋锈蚀引起混凝土抗压强度下降的角度，探究了受压区钢筋锈蚀的混凝土构件的受弯承载力，提出了受压区钢筋锈蚀的混凝土构件承载力的计算模型和计算方法。

The implementation of the whole system will enhance and extend ADT and AutoCAD Architectonics design, plotting function, cooperation between design document and information communication, implementing expert graphics database management, solute the problem of blueprints safty problems.

系统的最终目的在于利用ObjectARX技术在AutoCAD平台下开发建筑应用软件，并使其能在各种构件设计系统中快速应用；实现了结构构件的绘图功能。

A theoretical analysis is carried out for the load carrying capacity of the axially compressed concrete filled square steel tube.

对方钢管混凝土轴心受压短构件的受力机理进行了理论分析，提出了此类构件承载力计算的基本假定。

With this practical case, the paper addresses the building methods and principles of framework components.

重点结合此实例，阐述了框架构件的制作方法和原则，并展示这种较大粒度的可复用构件在特定应用领域的效益。

Then, method for calculating ultimate bearing capacity of element of SFRC with steel bars which is unified by introducing the concept of strengthening item which is related to the characteristics of steel fibre andconcrete, has been studied.

本文对配筋钢纤维混凝土构件极限承载力的计算方法进行了研究，引入与基体强度有关的增强项的概念使配筋钢纤维混凝土构件极限承载力的计算方法得到了统一。

New technology that altering temperature and low pressure carburization is put forward in allusion to low quality and high cost of gears.

针对耐磨构件，尤其是齿轮等机械构件质量低和生产成本高的现状，提出变温低压渗碳新工艺。

Under the guide of the model of HHII, those components and presentation are used to develop a new interface of CoEditor. This test expounds and proves the model of HHII reasonable and the scheme of the tool practicable at the beginning. This paper also makes an application cooperative system, ACAutoCAD98, as an example, in order to analyze how the tool can be utilized to develop HHII. 4. It puts forward a concept of dynamic multi-cursor and its realization, combined with the research on CoEditor.

因实现整个工具的工作量很大，本文仅开发了群体组成构件、协同过程构件和它们的界面资源，并在模型的指导下，将它们应用于协同编辑系统界面的开发，通过有／无模型指导的界面开发试验，初步论证模型的合理性和工具设计方案的可行性；本文还以应用协同工具ACAutoCAD98为例，分析了利用界面开发工具开发其人-人交互界面的过程。

The gaseous impurities in the alloys were well controlled with the sum of C, N and O less than 500wppm. For the first time it was found the strong interaction between Cr-Ti-CON, which reduces the mobility of Ti and CON, enhancing high-temperature strength and the aging-hardening property, and keeping the cold-work induced hardening at higher temperature. Aging-hardening could increase the tensile strength of V-4Cr-4Ti by 30% and could be utilized at 00 C for better economical performane of a vanadium structure. Hydrogen release will occur for the alloys tensile loaded at room temperature, which will affect the safety of a vanadium structure due to the resulting dimensional instability. For hydrogen embrittlement, impact toughness and fracture toughness of the alloy showed higher sensitivity than the tensile test elongation,so the toughness should be used as a new standard for the assessment of the embrittlement. Vanadium alloys were easily oxidized in air.

合金的气体杂质含量得到有效控制，C、N、O总量低于500wppm；首次发现Cr-Ti-CON之间的强相互作用，它使Ti、CON的高温可移动性降低，提高合金的高温强度、增强时效强化特性、使冷加工强化保持到更高温度；时效强化可使V-4Cr-4Ti的强度提高30%，可在低温（00C）下应用，提高构件的经济性；室温下，钒合金在拉应力的作用下，存在着氢释放，带来部件使用中的尺寸不稳定性，影响构件安全；氢脆是钒合金聚变应用的一个关键问题，合金的冲击韧性和断裂韧性表现出比拉伸延伸率更强的氢脆敏感性，应作为评价合金氢脆行为的新标准。

This approach does not require the construction of a complete state space of the concrete component composition under verification.

在模型检验构件组合的过程中，不需要为构件组合建立全局的具体状态空间。

They weren't aggressive, but I yelled and threw a rock in their direction to get them off the trail and away from me, just in case.

他们没有侵略性，但我大喊，并在他们的方向扔石头让他们过的线索，远离我，以防万一。

In slot 2 in your bag put wrapping paper, quantity does not matter in this case.

在你的书包里槽2把包装纸、数量无关紧要。