条件观测

It is found that in land surface model, soil thermal and hydraulic properties, parameterized from Farouki (1981) and Cosby (1984), are much depended on the values of .

使用NCAR陆面过程模式和荷兰Cabauw 1987年的大气观测资料，考察了在 11种不同的土壤条件下陆面过程模式所模拟的地表能量及水分循环的差异。

This paper analyzes the spatial variability characteristics of the degree-day factors obtained from the observed glaciers of different regions in western China.

本文根据中国西部不同地区数十条冰川的短期考察和观测资料，分析了西部冰川度日因子的空间变化特征，结果表明：由于青藏高原及其周围地区独特的气候和热量条件，西部冰川度日因子具有明显的区域特征。

Thus, two kinds of intensity oscillations with phase difference of 180°can take place corresponding to the specular elastic diffraction and diffuse scattering.

因此在不同的观测条件下可出现二种相位差180°的强度振荡情形：镜向弹性衍射束强度振荡和漫散射束强度振荡。

Al emission spectrum are observed in the low air pressure and the direct electricity field.

观测了在低气压和直流电场条件下的Al等离子体发射光谱。

The influences of the shock thickness and Alfven waves on the particle acceleration by diffusive shock waves are numerically studied through solving one-dimensional diffusive equation including the second-order Fermi effect. It is shown that the spectral index of the energetic particles strongly depends on the shock thickness. For example, the spectral index increases from 2.1 to 3.7 in the low energy range of 3-10 MeV and from 2.5 to 5.0 in the high energy range of 20-60 MeV as the thickness increases. The spectral index decreases from 4.3 to 3.1 as the particle injection energy increases. The spectral index decreases from 4.0 to 1.8 at the quasi-steady stage with the enhancement of the compression ratio from 2 to 4. The results indicate that under the influence of Alfven waves, the energetic particle spectrum at lower energy becomes flat and the spectral index decreases from 2.5 to 0.6 in the low energy range of 3-10 MeV and from 11.6 to 5.0 in the high energy range of 20-60 MeV. At the same time, the rollover energy reaches 19.6 MeV. The spectral index decreases from 5.8 to 2.9 as the energy density of Alfven waves increase. All these results are basically consistent with the theoretical models, as well as the observations of typical energetic particle events.

通过数值求解包含二阶费米加速的一维扩散方程，探讨在准平行激波条件下激波厚度和级联阿尔芬波对粒子加速的影响，研究粒子分布函数的演化与激波厚度和阿尔芬波强度的内禀关系，计算结果表明：(1)考虑激波厚度时，谱指数明显依赖于激波厚度，随着厚度从0.32增大到2.56，低能端(3-10MeV)谱指数逐渐从2.1增加到3.7，高能端(20-60MeV)谱指数从2.4增大到5.0，能谱逐渐变软；当初始注入粒子动量增大1.3倍，质子能谱指数从4.3减小到3.1，且与零厚度激波加速的谱指数差值缩小；厚度不变时，随着压缩比从2增加到4，准稳态分布时低能端(3-10MeV)粒子能谱指数逐渐从4.0减小到1.8谱变硬；(2)在级联阿尔芬波的影响下，随着时间的增大，粒子在低能处(3-10MeV)的谱指数从2.5减小到0.6高能端(20-60MeV)谱指数从11.6减小到5.0，能谱变硬，拐点能量值从7.5MeV增大到为19.6MeV；随着波的能量密度增大，谱指数从5.8减小到2.9，这表明阿尔芬波强度越大，加速效率越高，通过与激波厚度解析结果和高能粒子事件的观测能谱比较发现两者是一致的，说明数值模拟结果是可靠的。

For one-dimensional ocean temperature model, we optimally determined the initial and boundary conditions and related model parameters through variational assimilation method along with inverse problem techniques using incomplete and complete observational data,so as to determine the variation of position of epilimnion which has influences on SST.

由于温跃层的变化对海表温度的影响，我们以简单的海温模式为例，采用变分同化技术及反问题的技巧，在局部和整体观测资料下，对初、边值条件和模式参数等进行最优估计，确定温跃层的位置及其变化规律。4。

The method considers influence of definition,focus and external condition,and takes effective measures to eliminate the error of observation which is less than 2‰.

该方法考虑了分辨率、焦距以及外界环境条件的影响，采用有效的方法进行消除，观测误差小于2‰。

Now the controllability theory in linear systems over the field R of real numbers has been heavily studied. This theory is efficacious for analyzing the characters which are determined by the value of physical parameters and system structure, nevertheless a practical system has a definite structure and has approximate, even unknown parameter sometimes because of a limit to experiment conditions, or a limit to making technology, the errors of observation. It is inconvenience for a linear system over the field R of real numbers to analyze the structure characters of a physical system, such as structural controllability.

目前，实数域上的系统的完全能控性理论研究已经很成熟了，它用于分析系统结构和物理参量的值共同决定的那些性能是有效的，然而，在工程中，由于实验条件或者制造工艺上的限制和观测上的误差，以及人为地对数据的近似处理，一个实际系统往往其结构是确定的，而参数只是近似的甚至未知的，实数域上的系统不便于分析物理系统的结构性质，如结构能控性。

In the field condition, PAM-2100 chlorophyll fluorometer was used to observe chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics parameters of 18 winter wheat varieties in different growth stages, the correlations of 14 fluorescence parameters such as Fo were analyzed. Fluorescence characteristics of winter wheat varieties were comprehensive evaluated by the methods of factor analysis and cluster analysis.

在大田条件下应用PAM-2100型叶绿素荧光仪对18个冬小麦品种叶绿素荧光动力学参数进行了不同生育期的观测，分析冬小麦叶绿素荧光参数Fo等14个荧光参数间的相关关系，利用因子分析和聚类分析对其冬小麦品种荧光特性进行综合评价。

The effects of friction in surface layer on the structure of front and the frontogenesis in boundary layer, the interaction of orographic disturbance with front, the influence of diabatic process and moist process on the frontogenesis are investigated. Second, the occurrence and development of frontal rainbands have been studied extensively through the observational and theoretical approaches near half-century. However, there are still some problems needing further investigations because of the complication of the precipitation process.

关于锋面降水的产生和分布问题，近半个世纪以来，国内外气象学家进行了大量的观测和理论研究，但是由于问题的复杂性，至今仍有许多问题不清楚，我们利用非静力模式对变形场锋生条件下锋面雨带的发生、发展和演变过程进行了数值模拟和分析。

Singer Leona Lewis and former Led Zeppelin guitarist Jimmy Page emerged as the bus transformed into a grass-covered carnival float, and the pair combined for a rendition of "Whole Lotta Love".

歌手leona刘易斯和前率领的飞艇的吉他手吉米页出现巴士转化为基层所涵盖的嘉年华花车，和一双合并为一移交&整个lotta爱&。

This is Kate, and that's Erin.

这是凯特，那个是爱朗。