条件观测

This project was established based on the first cooperative development of optical in situ real time detecting technique probing the atomic scale layer-by-layer epitaxy growth of oxide film. Over the last three years, we have given full play to the advantages and characteristics of both sides and have finished the assumptions and plans of this subject satisfactorily. 1. In Institute of Physics, we set up advanced oblique-incidence reflectivity difference equipment and wrote one data acquisition procedure that made the simultaneous detection of optical signal and RHEED signal into reality. 2. The first observation of sustained oscillations over hundreds of monolayers in both real and imaginary signals during the epitaxy growth of SrNb0.1Ti0.9O3 on SrTiO3 substrate in LMBE testifies that oblique-incidence is an excellent method to detect and monitor film epitaxy growth real time. 3. For the first time, we verify that oblique-incidence reflectivity difference method can be used to monitor the layer-by-layer growth mode during continuous growth through the correspondence between optical signals to atomic or molecular step edge density on the growth surface. 4. Phenomenological analysis shows that optical signals comprise three parts, the first is proportional to the average thickness of the film and depends on the bulk phase dielectric response; the second is proportional to the coverage of terraces and depends on the dielectric response of atoms or unit cells in the terrace; the third is proportional to the coverage of step edges and depends on the effective dielectric response of atoms or unit cells at step edges. This makes oblique-incident reflectivity difference technique a quantitative macroscopic method to monitor film growth.

中文摘要：本课题是在合作首次发展了氧化物薄膜原子尺度层状外延生长光学原位实时探测方法的基础上立项的，三年来，我们充分发挥双方的优势和特点，圆满完成了课题的设想和计划。1、在物理所建立了一套先进的光反射差法装置，编写了计算机系统的数据采集程序，实现了两路光学信号和RHEED数据的同步采集和显示。2、用激光分子束外延在SrTiO3基底上生长SrNb0.1Ti0.9O3薄膜，首次观测到连续外延几百个原胞层，周期振荡的光反射差实部和虚部信号，证明了光反射差法是一种能原位实时探测与监控薄膜层状外延生长的好方法。3、首次验证了通过对生长表面原子或分子台阶密度的响应，光反射差法可用于原位实时监测在连续生长条件下薄膜的层式生长模式。4、通过唯象理论的研究，证明光反射差信号由三项组成，第一项只与薄膜的平均厚度和宏观光学电介质常数有关；第二项与分子台阶面覆盖度和台阶面上分子层的光学电介质常数有关；第三项与台阶边缘的覆盖度成正比，并和在台阶边缘的分子的有效光学介电常数有关。

Based on new WuhanGuangzhou railway passenger dedicated line engineering practice,this paper introuduces the key technologies for the deformation monitoring, data management and analysis system, the prediction method and assessment criterion are put forward to determine the reasonable time of unballasted track laying to guarantee the quality of unballasted track.

以武广铁路客运专线为基础，系统地介绍了线下结构物沉降变形观测关键技术，数据管理与分析预测系统，提出了工后沉降的预测方法及评估条件与标准，合理确定无碴轨道开始铺设时间，以保证客运专线无碴轨道结构铺设的质量。

The switching law is assumed to be unobservable Markov process.

对于切换律是可观测的情形，利用线性矩阵不等式和共同2次Lyapunov函数的方法，给出具有参数不确定的切换系统2次镇定的充分条件。

The comparison of the simulations of the same perturbation in 2D and 3D shows that both are similar before the perturbation arrives at 7 solar radii, and that both have the observed three parts of the classical CMEs. However, the reflecting effect of the adopted boundary conditions at both poles in the 3D simulation has a significant effect on the simulation of more hours, and causes unphysical changes in the polar region, such as the enhancement of density and the change of the magnetic field topology.

从对相同扰动的二维和三维模拟结果的对比来看，在扰动到达7个太阳半径之前，模拟结果相似，都可以模拟出CMEs事件的三部分观测特征，但是三维模拟采用的两极边界条件存在的反射效应，对更长时间的模拟有明显的影响，在两极产生密度增强和磁场位形发生较大变化两个非物理扰动。

Using the closed chamber method,〓 fluxes of various soil-soybean systems(unplanted,planted with unnodulated and planted with nodulated soybean) and theenvironmental factors were measured at the Shenyang Experimental Station ofEcology (41°42'N, 122°23'E)of Chinese Academy Sciences in 1994,1996 and 1997.Also,the 〓 emissions of soybean plant and soybean nodule were studied in thelaboratory.

于中国科学院沈阳生态试验站(4l°32′N，122°23′E)，采用封闭式箱法对不结瘤固氮、结瘤固氮的大豆-土壤系统以及裸地的〓排放通量及主要环境因子进行了多年系统的原位观测，并在实验室条件下，对大豆植株及其根瘤的〓排放进行了研究。

The biological characters of p5CS-bar gene transgenic wheatgrasse and control plants were observed and analysed that none but caudex have marked differences(0.05); The values of plant height、spike length、spike width and stem/leaf are less than control plants, leaf length and leaf width are more than control plants; Under the same condition of growth and climate to compare transgenic wheatgrass with control plants we can see that trning-green sage is advance, defer procreate period, long viridity period, growth speed become slow and the figure of curves is"S", more tillers.

2对转p5CS-bar基因冰草阳性植株和阴性对照植株进行生物学性状观测比较，分析得出：只有丛茎差异显著，显著水平为0.05；株高、穗长、穗宽和茎叶比的值均稍小于对照，叶长和叶宽的值稍大于阴性对照；在栽培、气候相同条件下，返青期相对提前，生育期推后，青绿期延长；生长速度变缓，在整个生育期呈"S"型生长曲线；分蘖能力增加。

With LEEM,this thesis has studied Cu growth on W(110)surface and(15×1)phasetrasition at 800K.Monte Carlo simulations have been performed for the Cu growth onCu(15×1)/W(110)surface.

依靠LEEM的观测优势，本论文比较系统地研究了金属材料Cu在难熔金属W（110）单晶表面上的生长过程和800K高温条件下（15×1）相变过程，并对Cu在Cu（15×1）/W（110）表面的生长过程作了Monte Carlo模拟。

Based on the theory of inverted STM image of Chen, we predict that if one uses a tungsten tip made of W (111), W (110) or W (001) surface, an inverted STM image may be observed under small bias voltages.

基于Chen的图像反转理论，预言在STM实验中如用W（111），W（110）和W（001）单原子钨探针，在小偏压条件下，可能会观测到STM负像，这三类钨针尖中利用W（110）针尖最容易观察到这类现象。

Direct observations and measurements on deformational and sedimentary structures, fluid activities, physical properties, and chemical compositions of core samples from accretionary prisms at different pressure and temperature settings are critical to understanding seismogenic mechanisms of subduction zone earthquakes.

对增生楔不同压力-温度条件下的构造变形、流体活动、沉积特征、岩石物性和化学组成等多方面的直接观测，可以帮助分析俯冲带地震的蕴育和发生的环境与机理。

Evapotranspiration value and transpiration indexes of the three types of soil microbiotic crust under different water content(including Bryum argenteum crust,Didymodon nigrescens crust and algal crust) were measured.

通过对3种土壤生物结皮在对照和3个不同水分条件下进行蒸散量以及蒸腾指标的观测，结果表明：①3种土壤生物结皮蒸散量日变化过程呈现单峰型，各个处理间峰值出现时间和蒸散量变化幅度差异较大；真藓对照组峰值为0.473 g/10 cm2，出现时间为11：00时。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。