村民

Starts with the three parts of the relationship of the villages and towns government and the villager committees and the relationship of the two rural committees and the relationship of the two rural committees and villager, analyzes how the agriculture tax-and-fee reformation effects on the villagers" autonomy systematically, and think the agriculture tax-and-fee reformation will be advantageous to die down "theadministeration turn" of the village committees, meliorate the relationship of the two rural committees and the crowd, alleviate the two rural committees antinomy, promote organization construction of the two rural committees, but in the meantime also bring some series problems for the village autonomy such as public finance problem, tax fee tail owe problem etc., in the end put forward that we should push forward the villager" autonomy of the post-agriculture tax ages from the four parts of the Grass-roots Government, relationship between officials and the masses, relationship between the two rural committees and the village collective economy.

本文针对以上问题，运用理论研究与实证分析、静态分析与动态分析相结合等研究方法，从乡镇政府与村民委员会关系、村"两委"关系以及村"两委"与村民关系等三方面入手，系统地分析了农业税费改革对村民自治的影响，认为农业税费改革将有利于减弱村民委员会的"行政化"、理顺村"两委"与群众的关系、缓解村"两委"矛盾、促进村"两委"的组织建设，同时也为村民自治带来了一系列问题，如财政问题、税费尾欠问题等，最后提出应从基层政权改革、干群关系、两委关系以及农村集体经济等四个方面来推进后农业税时代的村民自治。

And we argue that, if the research is to be deepen in further steps and breakthroughs are to be achieved, something must be done: to reject the noble-like thinking characterized by the sense of ego-superiority of self-culture; to get the better of the thinking habit such as the argument of feudal-clan, the argument of backward politic ideology of the peasantry;to relate rural clans to the peasantry, their subject of benefits instead of splitting them, and regard the multi-choices of ways of the existence and social benefits of rural society as well as urban society, thus to overcome the static vision on looking at the rural clan.

农村改革兴起后，农村宗族组织及其活动在中国商品经济最为活跃的东南地区的普遍复兴，给了这一思维定势以强烈的冲击，进而引起学者们对这一问题的重新认识和反思；进入80年代末期以后，随着村民自治建设的不断推进，作为一种农村社会群体形式的宗族组织自然又与村民自治自觉不自觉地缠绕在一起，如何评价宗族在村民自治进程中的角色和影响便成为一个更具有现实性意义的话题。

Analysis of its causes, in addition to the traditional sense of "historical influence of traditional" factors such generalization, but also by the concept of modern democracy-building in the village at the end; imperfect system of village representatives, the lack of monitoring the implementation of the institutions; villages appeared on behalf of villagers with the villagers of the impact of social stratification efficiency; Basis as a result of poor villages, the villagers than the cost of representatives of institutional arrangements for the proceeds of a direct impact on such factors.

分析其原因，除了在传统意义上的"受传统历史影响"这类普遍化因素外，还受到现代民主理念末在该村庄建立；村民代表制度不完善，缺乏监督执行的机构；村庄出现村民代表与村民的社会分层影响效能发挥；由于村庄基础较差，村民代表会议制度安排成本高于收益等因素的直接影响。

The villager autonomy system in China has more than 20 years of time, in the 20 years of time, on the one hand, is the villager autonomy system perfect, on the other hand, the text again to the text from practice unceasingly, causing the villager autonomy to fully realize its governance performance.

内容提要：我国的村民自治制度产生已经有20余年的时间，在这20余年的时间里，一方面是村民自治的制度文本不断完善，另一方面又出现了实践对文本的不断偏离，致使村民自治难以充分实现其治理绩效。

However, having reviewed the Villager Autonomy of Shanghai in the angle of practitioner, the author found some problems which should be clarified jurally. For example, problem about legal capacity of villager council related to judicial almsgiving when villagers face the supervise of Villager Autonomy, definition of Villager, operational procedure to realize the "Law of Villager Council Structure of P. R.C.", program to guide the Villager Autonomy etc.

但是，笔者以一个实践者的角度来考察本市的村民自治，发现了一些问题，如由村民委员会的法律地位联系到村民在自治管理中处于相对方而涉及到的司法救济问题、&村民&的界定问题、《村组法》实施的某些操作程序问题、基层政府指导村民自治的程序问题等，都必须以法律法规的形式加以明确。

R.C.". And local statute, Shanghai has had "Vote Rule of Villager Council of Shanghai" and "The Way to Carry Out the 'Law of Villager Council Structure of P. R.C.' of Shanghai which both summarize the former experience and provide a legal guarantee to Villager Autonomy. However, having reviewed the Villager Autonomy of Shanghai in the angle of practitioner, the author found some problems which should be clarified jurally.

但是，笔者以一个实践者的角度来考察本市的村民自治，发现了一些问题，如由村民委员会的法律地位联系到村民在自治管理中处于相对方而涉及到的司法救济问题、&村民&的界定问题、《村组法》实施的某些操作程序问题、基层政府指导村民自治的程序问题等，都必须以法律法规的形式加以明确。

However, We have also found a lot of questions which we must treat, discuss and resolve seriously while we found the remarkable effect in the practice of the Villagers' self-government in Chinese countryside,such as no balance in the development of the Villagers' self-government, the contradiction between "the twofold role" of the village committee and the basic principle of the Villagers' self-government, the contradiction between villages and towns government organization and the Villagers' self-government, the contradicition between the branch of the Chinese Communist party and village committee,the question of democratic election, the contradiction between the charactor of parial villagers and the requirement promoting the Villagers' self-government and so on.

然人，中国农村村民自治在实践中取得显著成效的同时，我们也应该看到，村民自治在实践发展中产生了许多需要认真研究和急待解决的问题。如村民自治发展的不平衡性、村委会的&双重角色&与村民自治基本原则之间的矛盾、乡镇政权机关与村民自治的矛盾、村党支部与村委会的矛盾、民主选举中的问题、部分村民的素质与推进村民自治的要求存在着不相适应的矛盾等。

A new definition for villagers self–government system on the family planning is given in the article, emphasizing the concern from the society especially the villagers, which can lead the way from the management of administration to the participation of the autonomies especially the villagers.

本文对计划生育村民自治的概念作了新的诠释，指出计划生育村民自治模式的显著特点就是强调社会参与特别是村民群众广泛的民主参与，使计划生育工作由过去单纯依靠行政机关的管理模式变为以广大村民群众为主体，各自治体包括村民个体广泛参与的新模式。

An appeal court in southern China has ordered the retrial of a lawyer originally sentenced to a four-year prison term, upending a case that had attracted widespread concern among the country's legal community.

刘尧曾在广东省东源县村民与当地官员之间的土地纠纷中代表村民。这些村民称，他们的土地被一个水电站项目违规征用，且没有适当的赔偿。

However in its process, some setbacks come along, such us: the deviation of the relationship between township governments and village commissions, corruptions in self-administration because of some leaders" selfishness as well as evil force and classmen"s strength. All the above leads to the problems.

然而，在当前我国村民自治的实际运行中，乡镇政府与村民委员会之间发生的关系偏离；村党支部与村民委员会之间发生的矛盾纠葛；由于一些地方的黑恶势力侵蚀和宗族势力冲击，使村民自治本身发生蜕变，这些成为阻碍村民自治健康发展的几个主要问题。

Neither the killing of Mr Zarqawi nor any breakthrough on the political front will stop the insurgency and the fratricidal murders in their tracks.

在对危险的南部地区访问时，他斥责什叶派民兵领导人对中央集权的挑衅行为。

In fact,I've got him on the satellite mobile right now.

实际上 我们已接通卫星可视电话了