权力基础

Nietzsche"s political philosophy is not piled up a dish of messy sand by maxim form, the writer thinks that Nietzsche"s political construction has his continuous logicality. It"s an expression of political philosophy that is constructed on the base of force will and life will, it makes life reach at a transitional bridge that can supply condition for the salvation of art. Thus, there are three understandings here. Firstly, politics is an objective expression of power will, also is an external expression of power will. The real politics depends on power will and services to their requirement and regulation; Secondly, the life faces on the double crises, on the one hand, the life falls into denial of Christian morality. Morality of Christianity presumes another world that life never touch for. This is world of soul belief and pursue, meanwhile, life is depreciated and degenerated as "evil", so the value of life suffers from misunderstanding and denial. Things of presence are subverted as things of exeunt."Uprising of slave in morality" results in the denial of ",master morality, at the same time, although modern democratic politics that based on morality of Christianity makes person return secular life and makes life identity and trite. This kind of politics creates privation of special vulture and race. On the other hand, internal requirement of power will results in the crisis of life because the characteristics of power will is continuous making and destroy.

尼采的政治哲学并非是以格言形式堆积而成的一盘散沙，笔者认为，尼采的政治建构有其一贯的逻辑性，体现为其政治哲学是建构在强力意志或生命意志基础上的并使生命达至艺术拯救提供条件的一座过度性桥梁，对此有三层理解：首先政治是权力意志的一种客观体现，是全力意志的一种外化，真正的政治必须立足于权力意志之上并服务于其要求和规定；其次，生命面临着双重危机，一方面，生命陷入基督教道德的否定之中，基督教道德设定了一个生命遥不可及的彼岸世界，这是灵魂信仰和追求的世界，同时生命被贬堕为"恶"，这样，生命的价值遭到误解和否定，在场的事物被颠覆为退场的事物，"主人道德"被否定，这是"道德上的奴隶起义"的结果，同时基于基督教道德之上的现代民主政治虽然使人回到了尘世，但是又将生命齐一化和平庸化，造成特殊文化和特殊种族的缺位，而正是这种文化和这种种族才能真正地肯定生命；另一方面，生命的危机是权力意志内在的要求所致，因为权力意志的一个特质就是连续地生成和毁灭，就生命本身就是权力意志而言，毁灭就是其必然的命运。

This paper,beginning with the concept of legitimacy of political rights,probes into the source of its theory in terms of historical development,and points out that the rightfulness and recognition of political rights form the foundation and source for the legitimacy.

本文从政治权力合法性界定入手，从历史发展的角度探讨了合法性理论的渊源，指出政治权力的正当性与对政治权力的认同构成了政治权力合法性的基础和源泉。

Globalization poses a serious challenge to the state sovereignty, power rightfulness, and power efficiency of those countries whose civil politics are still underdeveloped. It weakens the many aspects of the legitimacy of the state power of these countries, including its scope, intensity, forms, institutional foundation, and ideology.

全球化的发展对公民政治尚不健全的国家的主权、权力正当性和权力效能提出了严峻的挑战，影响甚至削弱了这些国家权力合法性的许多方面，如权力的范围、强度、形式、制度基础和意识形态观念。

If therefore the executive, who has the power of convoking the legislative, observing rather the true proportion, than fashion of representation, regulates, not by old custom, but true reason, the number of members, in all places that have a right to be distinctly represented, which no part of the people however incorporated can pretend to, but in proportion to the assistance which it affords to the public, it cannot be judged to have set up a new legislative, but to have restored the old and true one, and to have rectified the disorders which succession of time had insensibly, as well as inevitably introduced: For it being the interest as well as intention of the people, to have a fair and equal representative; whoever brings it nearest to that, is an undoubted friend to, and establisher of the government, and cannot miss the consent and approbation of the community; prerogative being nothing but a power, in the hands of the prince, to provide for the public good, in such cases, which depending upon unforeseen and uncertain occurrences, certain and unalterable laws could not safely direct; whatsoever shall be done manifestly for the good of the people, and the establishing the government upon its true foundations, is, and always will be, just prerogative.

所以，如果拥有召集立法权力的执行权力，遵从真正的比例而不是代表制的表面形式，根据真正的理性而不是旧的习俗来管理所有有权利被清楚的代表的地方的代表人数，这种代表人数任何地方都不能自我宣称，而必须与它提供给公众的支持相称，这不能被认为是建立了一种新的立法权力，而是恢复了旧的和真正的立法权力，并矫正了由于时间流逝不知不觉所继承的和不可避免的引入所产生的混乱：因为既然拥有公正和平等的代表机构是人们的利益和意图所在；无论是谁使它更接近这一目标，谁便无可置疑的是这样的政府的朋友和奠基者，并不会得不到共同体的同意和许可；特殊权力也仅仅是一种权力，在取决于无法预见和不确定的事件的情况下，确定的和不可变更的法律不能安全的引导，于是君主行使它来为公众的利益服务；无论做什么，只要明显的是为人们的利益并将政府建于它真正的基础之上，是并且总是正当的特殊权力。

Through the static analysis, we think that traditional power is a protogenetic power; Tibetan Buddhism is a peculiar religion form that Indian Buddhism blended into the indigenous culture of Tibetan, it has doctrine, sandhana, ceremony and so on, and forms the religion power of worshipping living Buddha as base. The state power forms in the patriarchal clan system society, but it is thought political coercive power, even violence in the XunHua Tibetan area.

通过静态的分析，我们认为传统部落权力依靠循化藏区内对传统部落制度的文化价值认同的惯性得以维持和延续，是一种原生的权力形态；藏传佛教是印度佛教融入到藏族本土文化之中形成的一种独特的宗教形态，具有教义、修行到仪轨等一整套神秘主义的色彩和强化宗教认同的神圣化的意识形态，由此形成了以活佛崇拜为基础的宗教权力；王朝国家权力形成于以汉族为主体的宗法社会之中，它的强制力的一面依靠传统的宗法制度而被塑造成具有神权色彩的政治权威，然而在循化藏区由于文化认同的关系，王朝国家的政治权威被还原为政治强制力乃至于暴力。

That has political consequences: it breaks the unwritten covenant that China's unelected leaders will deliver prosperity in exchange for their power.

这会产生政治上的影响：它打破了不成文的协约，即中国非选举产生的领导人以繁荣局面换取权力基础。

Cixi concentrated on centralizing her own power base.

慈溪市集中集中自己的权力基础。

On the other hand, it differs from Legislation, the agent of legal improvement which comes after it, in that its claim to authority is grounded, not on the prerogative of any external person or body, not even on that of the magistrate who enunciates it, but on the special nature of its principles, to which it is alleged that all law ought to conform.

另一方面，它又和&立法&不同，这是发生在它之后的另外一种法律改进的媒介，其不同之点在于它的权力基础并不建筑在任何外界的人或团体的特权上面，甚至也不建筑在宣布它的官吏的特权上面，而是建筑在它原则的特殊性上面，这些原则，据说是一切法律应该加以遵循的。

This investigation into the public power supervision in the rural communities in this paper has gone beyond the limitation of most other studies in this field, which focus on the villagers" supervision over the power exercised by village committees only from the perspective of "self-government of villagers. A systematic survey of the system arrangement for public power supervision in rural communities is conducted from the perspective of village administration. It also analyzes the deviances which arise in the operationprocess of public power supervision system in current rural communities and furthermore explores the main reasons behind the deviances.

本文突破了以往理论界在探讨村社区公共权力监督时，仅从村民自治的角度出发，着重研究村民对村委会权力运作监督的局限，从村治的角度对现阶段的村社区公共权力监督制度安排进行了系统梳理，在此基础上分析了目前村社区公共权力监督制度在实施过程中所产生的偏离现象，并进一步地探讨了这些偏离现象产生的主要原因，最后，就如何减少监督制度运作的偏离提出了一系列思考。

So we suggest that scholars should carefully investigate the nature and the power base of different participators in the firm.

我们建议应该认真考察不同企业参与者的权力基础和性质。

I am accused of being overreligious," she said in her quiet, frank manner,"but that does not prevent me thinking the children very cruel who obstinately commit such suicide.""

客人们在卡罗利娜·埃凯家里，举止就文雅一些，因为卡罗利娜的母亲治家很严厉。

Designed by French fashion house Herm è s, this elegant uniform was manufactured in our home, Hong Kong, and was the first without a hat.

由著名品牌 Herm è s 设计，这件高贵的制服是香港本土制造，是我们第一套不配帽子的制服。