权力

The author claims that direct and open villager elections have brought about democratic rights from the bottom up and caused the power structure in the countryside from one of being unicameral to one of being bicameral.

本文认为，直接公开的村民选举导入了一种自下而上的民主权力，促使农村权力关系从一元权力结构向二元权力结构的转型。

The power of assembling and dismissing the legislative, placed in the executive, gives not the executive a superiority over it, but is a fiduciary trust placed in him, for the safety of the people, in a case where the uncertainty and variableness of human affairs could not bear a steady fixed rule: for it not being possible, that the first framers of the government should, by any foresight, be so much masters of future events, as to be able to prefix so just periods of return and duration to the assemblies of the legislative, in all times to come, that might exactly answer all the exigencies of the commonwealth; the best remedy could be found for this defect, was to trust this to the prudence of one who was always to be present, and whose business it was to watch over the public good.

召集和解散立法机构的权力，虽然交予执行权力，却并未授予执行权力一种高于立法机构的权力，而是一个为了人们的安全而将信任交给他的受托人，在人类事物不确定和易变的情况下，是不适宜一套稳定固化的规则的：因为政府的最初创建者不可能通过任何远见而成为如此多的未来事件的主人，从而能够恰好预定立法机构集会的时间和期限，在所有的时间到来，又正好能够解决共同体的所有紧急情况；对这种缺陷的最好的补救方法，是将这种情况交托给那个常在的人的审慎来决定，并且他的事务就是看管公共利益。

Such liberal thought as survived the success of the Revolution carried on the spirit of Locke's philosophy most truly in respect to religious toleration…With some lip-service to Locke, Whiggism in the eighteenth century represented quite subsidiary elements of his Treatise: that the powers of government remain indefeasibly in the organs where they have once been placed…and that government is at bottom a balance of the vested interests of the realm: crown, landed aristocracy, and corporations…The monopoly of power by the landowning class was contrary not only to Locke's theory of individual rights but also to his theory of the importance of property in general 496-497

当然，理论与现实的距离永远存在。洛克思想的复杂性也决定了其影响的复杂性。比如在英国，18世纪的辉格党虽口头上标榜洛克的学说，但实际上却采用了他的一些次要思想，如关于政府权力一旦确定，就不可取消地永远由该机构所拥有的思想；而权力的平衡归根到底却成了王国既得利益势力、王室、土地贵族和公司的权力平衡，其中土地所有者阶级垄断权力的状况也违反了洛克关于一般个人权利，特别是关于财产权利的学说（《思想史》，192-193；《自由主义》，180）。

From the aspect of legislation, the power is also contained in the state power confusingly.

从立法的层面看，权力也一直被混淆于国家权力而没有其他权力；同样，在对法律渊源的研究中人们也一直站在立法的立场，从而导致了法源范围的紧缩，认为由国家权力产生的制定法是唯一的法律渊源。

The social level structure is defined from its basic conception, in-depth meaning and characteristics. The term refers to a functional being and social reality, a unity of physical space and value space as well as connectional and theoretical existence. Viewed from the perspective of political philosophy, the social level structure is a political sovereignty grading or ladder in a state who values the supremacy of sovereignty, penetrating into economic, cultural and social fields, universally forming social relationship. Based on general social structure, social system and political sovereignty, the social level structure is an abstractly summary of social hierarchy which is neither a copy of political structure nor simply addition of economic, cultural and social structure. The social level structure is long hidden but universally existing, deeply affecting and shaping social system, people's life and thinking. Based on the above, the thesis probes the social foundation, evolutional law, fundamental quality, running mechanism, historical function, current significant and the reform necessity.

从社会层级结构概念的基本规定、深层意蕴和性状表现三个方面界定社会层级结构概念，认为社会层级结构既是一种实体性存在和社会现实，也是一种观念性存在和理论构造，是物理空间和意义空间的统一；从政治哲学视野，社会层级结构是在政治国家内部按照权力至上的方式形成的权力级别或权力阶梯，并渗透到经济、文化、社会领域，形成具有普遍性的社会关系体系；它以总体社会结构为依托，以社会制度为外化，以政治权力为中轴；它既不是政治结构的翻版，不是社会阶层结构的别名，也不是经济、文化、社会结构的简单叠加，而是对它们层级性的一种抽象和概括；这种结构长期隐而不显，但却无处不在、无时不有，深深地影响和牢牢地控制着社会制度、人的生活和人的思维方式。

More specifically, interactions between boundary individuals of the firms positively affect a firm to use both coercive and noncoercive power over the other; closeness in emotion between the boundary individuals of the firms positively affect a firm to use noncoercive power, negatively affect the channel members to use coercive power, over the other, and negatively affect the felt conflict between them.

具体而言，私人交往状态对渠道成员使用强制性权力和非强制性权力均有显著的正向影响；私人亲近感对渠道成员使用非强制性权力有显著的正向影响，对其使用强制性权力和渠道冲突有显著的负向影响。

Through the static analysis, we think that traditional power is a protogenetic power; Tibetan Buddhism is a peculiar religion form that Indian Buddhism blended into the indigenous culture of Tibetan, it has doctrine, sandhana, ceremony and so on, and forms the religion power of worshipping living Buddha as base. The state power forms in the patriarchal clan system society, but it is thought political coercive power, even violence in the XunHua Tibetan area.

通过静态的分析，我们认为传统部落权力依靠循化藏区内对传统部落制度的文化价值认同的惯性得以维持和延续，是一种原生的权力形态；藏传佛教是印度佛教融入到藏族本土文化之中形成的一种独特的宗教形态，具有教义、修行到仪轨等一整套神秘主义的色彩和强化宗教认同的神圣化的意识形态，由此形成了以活佛崇拜为基础的宗教权力；王朝国家权力形成于以汉族为主体的宗法社会之中，它的强制力的一面依靠传统的宗法制度而被塑造成具有神权色彩的政治权威，然而在循化藏区由于文化认同的关系，王朝国家的政治权威被还原为政治强制力乃至于暴力。

First, It is not, nor can possibly be absolutely arbitrary over the lives and fortunes of the people: for it being but the joint power of every member of the society given up to that person, or assembly, which is legislator; it can be no more than those persons had in a state of nature before they entered into society, and gave up to the community: for no body can transfer to another more power than he has in himself; and no body has an absolute arbitrary power over himself, or over any other, to destroy his own life, or take away the life or property of another.

第一，它不是，也不可能对人们的生命和财产拥有绝对的任意处置权：因为这交给被称为立法者的个人或议会的权力仅仅是社会中每个人的结合权力；它不能超过那些人在未进入社会之前所拥有的自然状态之中的权力，进入社会之后他们将它交给了共同体：因为任何人不能授予另一个人多于他所拥有的权力；而且任何人对他自己和别人都没有绝对的任意处置权，来残害他自己的生命，或夺去另一个人的生命和财产。

The solution to thisdoes not lie in the entire exclusion of state power, but the employment ofa check-and-supervision mechanism, in which a variety of social factorsincluding different social organizations, entities are utilized to restrict theexercise of state power, in a bid to rationalize the state involvement.

对此，解决的策略不在于要彻底解构国家的权力，完全消解国家介入，而是以&社会&来制约权力，即通过来自社会领域的组织、力量等社会性因素，对作为特殊公共权力的国家权力构成制约，从而使国家对课程的介入更为合理。

Firstly, the principle that authority and responsibility of each authority subject are symmetric should be abided by.

同时，又需要保持不同权力主体之间的权力对称性，通过权力制衡使不同主体的权力之间有一个恰当的对应比例。

Neither the killing of Mr Zarqawi nor any breakthrough on the political front will stop the insurgency and the fratricidal murders in their tracks.

在对危险的南部地区访问时，他斥责什叶派民兵领导人对中央集权的挑衅行为。

In fact,I've got him on the satellite mobile right now.

实际上 我们已接通卫星可视电话了