权力

Firstly, it starts with etymologic study of power and its evolution, and makes comprehensive understanding of the power's essence through the analysis of power's primary meaning, characteristics, integrant parts, classification as well as some related categories.

首先从权力的词源学及其演变入手，通过对权力的基本含义和特征、权力的构成要素和分类以及与权力相关的一些范畴的分析，对权力的本质有了较为全面地把握。

Nietzsche"s political philosophy is not piled up a dish of messy sand by maxim form, the writer thinks that Nietzsche"s political construction has his continuous logicality. It"s an expression of political philosophy that is constructed on the base of force will and life will, it makes life reach at a transitional bridge that can supply condition for the salvation of art. Thus, there are three understandings here. Firstly, politics is an objective expression of power will, also is an external expression of power will. The real politics depends on power will and services to their requirement and regulation; Secondly, the life faces on the double crises, on the one hand, the life falls into denial of Christian morality. Morality of Christianity presumes another world that life never touch for. This is world of soul belief and pursue, meanwhile, life is depreciated and degenerated as "evil", so the value of life suffers from misunderstanding and denial. Things of presence are subverted as things of exeunt."Uprising of slave in morality" results in the denial of ",master morality, at the same time, although modern democratic politics that based on morality of Christianity makes person return secular life and makes life identity and trite. This kind of politics creates privation of special vulture and race. On the other hand, internal requirement of power will results in the crisis of life because the characteristics of power will is continuous making and destroy.

尼采的政治哲学并非是以格言形式堆积而成的一盘散沙，笔者认为，尼采的政治建构有其一贯的逻辑性，体现为其政治哲学是建构在强力意志或生命意志基础上的并使生命达至艺术拯救提供条件的一座过度性桥梁，对此有三层理解：首先政治是权力意志的一种客观体现，是全力意志的一种外化，真正的政治必须立足于权力意志之上并服务于其要求和规定；其次，生命面临着双重危机，一方面，生命陷入基督教道德的否定之中，基督教道德设定了一个生命遥不可及的彼岸世界，这是灵魂信仰和追求的世界，同时生命被贬堕为"恶"，这样，生命的价值遭到误解和否定，在场的事物被颠覆为退场的事物，"主人道德"被否定，这是"道德上的奴隶起义"的结果，同时基于基督教道德之上的现代民主政治虽然使人回到了尘世，但是又将生命齐一化和平庸化，造成特殊文化和特殊种族的缺位，而正是这种文化和这种种族才能真正地肯定生命；另一方面，生命的危机是权力意志内在的要求所致，因为权力意志的一个特质就是连续地生成和毁灭，就生命本身就是权力意志而言，毁灭就是其必然的命运。

Through analysis and arrangement, the main points are listed as the following: First, the rule of power allocation of corporate organs related to compulsive rules should be directly manipulated under law, and those related to "autonomy of will" should be dealt with constitution mandated by the conference of shareholders, which should be stated clearly by law; Second, referring to the content of power allocation of corporate organs, the due difference allocation should be made for limited liability companies and joint stock limited liability companies respectively; Third, the law should confirm the theoretical and practical significance of the expansion of powers of the board of directors, which means division and re-arrangement of the company's powers; Forth, legislation should limit the dominant shareholders' rights in order to secure the automatic ability of company and improve the environment of corporate governance.

本文通过分析整理，得出主要观点如下：（1）公司机关权力配置规则，涉及属于公司"强行性"的规则应由法律直接规制，而属于"任意型"或"赋权型"的规则，可由股东大会授权以章程的形式解决，法律应明确确立该形式的合法地位；（2）针对公司机关权力配置的内容，法律应分别在有限责任公司和股份有限公司之间合理配置和差别配置；（3）董事会权力的扩大是公司权力的分化和权力内容的重新组合，法律应肯定其积极的实践意义和理论意义；（4）立法应限制控股股东的权力，充分保证公司的自治能力，从而改善公司治理结构环境。

Private life history of micro-history, the historical era as the time axis of the comprehensive written privacy of the individual life history - the wall in the men's power and the power of women, the elderly and young people the power of the power of the master's power and servants the power of small family squabbles, the large royal family massacre - involving the fundamental aspects of human life, small to areas such as residential, bedroom and couch, large, such as family life, home environment, friends, space, religion and fertility, education, and death, is today an authority in private life history of mankind.

私人生活史》以微观历史的角度，以历史年代为时间纵轴，全面书写个人的私密生活史——围墙中男人的权力与女人的权力、老人的权力与青年的权力、主人的权力与仆从的权力，小到家庭争吵，大到王室血案——涉及人类生活的各个基本方面，小到诸如住宅、卧室和床榻，大到诸如家庭生活、家居环境、交友空间、宗教信仰以及生育、教育、死亡等，是现今一部权威的人类私人生活史。

Let us therefore consider a master of a family with all these subordinate relations of wife, children, servants, and slaves, united under the domestic rule of a family; which, what resemblance soever it may have in its order, offices, and number too, with a little common-wealth, yet is very far from it, both in its constitution, power and end: or if it must be thought a monarchy, and the paterfamilias the absolute monarch in it, absolute monarchy will have but a very shattered and short power, when it is plain, by what has been said before, that the master of the family has a very distinct and differently limited power, both as to time and extent, over those several persons that are in it; for excepting the slave (and the family is as much a family, and his power as paterfamilias as great, whether there be any slaves in his family or no) he has no legislative power of life and death over any of them, and none too but what a mistress of a family may have as well as he.

所以，让我们在家庭规则之下来考虑家庭的主人与所有妻子，孩子，仆人和奴隶的从属关系；家庭，无论在它的秩序，各种职务以及人数方面多么的类似于一个小国家，然而在它的构造，权力和目的方面与国家是相去甚远的：或者如果一定要把它想成一个君主国，家长是绝对君主的话，这个绝对君主国也仅仅拥有零碎和短暂的权力，因为根据前面的论述，很明显：家庭主人对其余人的有限权力，无论在时间上还是在范围上与君主的权力都是截然不同的；因为除了奴隶，他没有对任何人的生命和死亡拥有立法的权力，女主人也同样没有。

Finally, this chapter ends by the form of peroration to ponder macroscopically over the problems concerned with judicial reform, which lays theoretical basis for further research.

在这一章着力分析、反思和构建了我国法院体制、法官制度、证据制度及检察制度；立体式地对司法改革中五种权力关系进行了价值分析和功能评判，即司法与执政党的权力关系、司法与人大的权力关系，司法与政府的权力关系，司法机构之间的权力关系以及各司法机构内部的权力关系，提出了构建新司法制度的思路。

The freedom of education is the sustentive condition of educative power, because freedom and power are interdependent; educational community is the hylomorphic condition of educative power, because they are of identical construct so that educative power doesn't live in without education community.

教育自由是教育权力存在的支撑性条件，因自由与权力的相互界定性而规定了教育权力与教育自由的相互依存；教育共同体是教育权力存在的构成性条件，因权力与公共生活的同构性而决定了教育权力无法脱离教育共同体而存在。

While,both the Administrative License Law and the Regulations on the Administration of Company Registration prescribe that the establishment of enterprises should adopt a middle way censorship system in which the form should be censored mainly while the substance censored subordinately.

行政许可法》将商事登记规定为可以设定行政许可的事项，《行政许可法》和《公司登记管理条例》又规定企业的设立采取以形式审查为主、实质审查为辅的折衷审查制，问题随之产生：将商事登记作为可以设定行政许可的事项表明，在商事登记领域国家行政权力的运用带有较强的行政权力介入色彩，但形式审查制又代表国家行政权力在登记审查方面的消极态度，是商事登记领域行政权力弱化的表现，这种并不是很和谐的权力定位一方面彰显了传统的行政权力无限膨胀的习惯，另一方面又对私权的保护提出了更高的要求。

This chapter also synopsizes rules of national powers' development, and points out the tendency of it, that is, from the model that national powers were controlled by other national powers to controlled by social rights.

与此同时，对于国家权力演化的逻辑发展规律进行了分析，指出并论证了以权力制衡机制为主要内容的国家权力的现代发展趋势，即从权力制衡权力向社会权利制衡国家权力发展。

Only when tribes conflict and cloister conflict, it emerges the scene, finally people have identity criers to the sate. So we know that there is a special power operational mechanism; the religion power promotes to the charismatic authority; it becomes the basal force that the government has to depend on. Otherwise, the political power of local government is hard to exert the realgovernment effect, and produces disabled government——he value identificationbetween Confucian culture and local of XunHua Tibetan area will be transplacement.

由此造成了循化藏区独特的权力运作机制：部落权力构成了整个权力运作机制的基垫，其他两种权力只有通过它才能发挥作用；宗教权力上升为魅力型的权威，虽然在总体上须仰仗清中央政府而取得相应的合法性，甚至还要屈从于地方政府的强制力，然而在面对地方政府时却具有相对的优越性，成为地方政府不得不依赖的基本力量；否则，地方政府所具有的政治权力，很难真正发挥相应的效力，就会产生了另外一种政府失效——儒家文化范畴与循化藏区地方性知识间的文化张力导致的价值认同错位。

Neither the killing of Mr Zarqawi nor any breakthrough on the political front will stop the insurgency and the fratricidal murders in their tracks.

在对危险的南部地区访问时，他斥责什叶派民兵领导人对中央集权的挑衅行为。

In fact,I've got him on the satellite mobile right now.

实际上 我们已接通卫星可视电话了